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====== Plant Resistance Genes in Rice (//Oryza// spp.) against //Xanthomonas// Infection ======

Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralf_Koebnik|Ralf Koebnik]]

**Additional information on rice resistance genes can be found at the [[https://shigen.nig.ac.jp/rice/oryzabase/|Oryzabase]] database (Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006).**

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// =====

==== Resistance gene: //Xa1// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Temperate //japonica// rice cultivar Kogyoku from Japan (Sakaguchi, 1967).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Sakaguchi, 1967). Cloned and sequenced (Yoshimura //et al//., 1998). MSU ID: LOC_Os04g53120
=== Molecular markers ===

RAPD markers (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995).
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein (Yoshimura //et al//., 1998). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al//., 2016; Read //et al//., 2016).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os04g53120/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa2// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Te-tep from Vietnam (Sakaguchi, 1967).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (He //et al//., 2006). Cloned and sequenced (Ji //et al//., 2020). MSU ID: LOC_Os04g53120
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (He //et al//., 2006).
=== Brief description ===

Allelic to //Xa1// (Ji //et al//., 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al//., 2016; Read //et al//., 2016).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa3// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa-w// (Ezuka //et al//., 1975).
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Wase Aikoku 3 from Japan (Ezuka //et al//., 1975). Other cultivars: Chugoku 45 (Ogawa //et al//., 1986a), Java 14 (Ogawa //et al//., 1986a).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Yoshimura //et al//., 1992). Cloned and sequenced (Sun //et al//., 2004; Xiang //et al//., 2006). MSU ID: LOC_Os11g47210
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP marker (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995), PCR-based SNP markers (Hur //et al//., 2013).
=== Brief description ===

Allelic to //Xa6// (Ogawa //et al//., 1986b); allelic to //Xa26// (Xiang //et al//., 2006); NB-LRR class protein. Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa3// (Li //et al//., 2004).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g47210/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa4// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice accession TKM 6 from India. Other accessions: IR 20, IR 22.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Wang //et al//., 2001; Sun //et al//., 2003). Cloned and sequenced (Hu //et al//., 2017). MSU ID: LOC_Os11g47140
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP marker (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995).
=== Brief description ===

Wall-associated kinase (WAK) (Hu //et al//., 2017).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa4/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa5// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession DZ192 from Bangladesh. Other accessions: DV85, DV86, DZ78.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 5. Cloned and sequenced (Iyer & McCouch, 2004). MSU ID: LOC_Os05g01710

=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995).
=== Brief description ===

TFIIAγ5 transcription factor (Iyer & McCouch, 2004; Jiang //et al//., 2006). Direct interaction of several TALEs with TFIIAγ5 is required for activation of disease susceptibility genes (Yuan //et al//., 2016). Suppression or mutation of TFIIAγ5 can also reduce bacterial streak, another disease of rice caused by TALE-carrying //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// (Yuan //et al//., 2016). Cognate avirulence genes: //avrxa5//, //pthXo6//, //pthXo7// (Sugio //et al//., 2007; Zou //et al//., 2010).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os05g01710/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa6// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Zenith from U.S.A.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Sidhu //et al//., 1978).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa7// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession DZ78 from Bangladesh. Other accessions: DV85, DV86.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Sidhu //et al//., 1978). Mapped on chromosome 6 (Lee & Khush, 2000; Porter //et al//., 2003). Cloned & sequenced (Chen //et al//., 2021; Luo //et al//., 2021).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Cognate avirulence genes: //avrXa7//, //pthXo3// (Hopkins //et al//., 1992; Yang //et al//., 2000; Yang & White, 2004). The transcription activator-like effector (TALE) AvrXa7 in //Xoo// strains binds directly to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the promoter of the //Xa7// gene (He //et al//., 2024). Other executor //R// genes (//Xa10//, //Xa23//, and //Xa27//) driven by the promoter of the //Xa7// gene could be activated by AvrXa7 and trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves (He //et al//., 2024).

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa8// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession PI231129 from U.S.A.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Sidhu //et al//., 1978). Mapped on chromosome 7 (Singh //et al//., 2002).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa9// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Khao Lay Nhay from Laos. Other rice cultivar: Sateng.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Singh //et al//., 1983; Ogawa //et al//., 1988).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa10// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession Cas 209 from the Philippines. Xa10-like genes in rice cultivar Nipponbare (Wang //et al//., 2017).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Yoshimura //et al//., 1983). Cloned and sequenced (Tian //et al//., 2014). MSU ID: LOC_Os11g37570
=== Molecular markers ===

RAPD marker (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995).
=== Brief description ===

The TAL effector-dependent resistance protein XA10 triggers cell death and calcium depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum (Tian //et al//., 2014). The predicted membrane protein shares 50% sequence identity with the executor R protein XA23 (Wang //et al//., 2015). Induction of //Xa10//-like genes in the rice cultivar Nipponbare confers disease resistance to bacterial blight (Wang //et al//., 2017). Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa10//.
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g37620/|FunRiceGenes]]. Nipponbare: [[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g37570/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa11// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice accession RP9-3 from the Philippines. Also on  IR8 and IR944 lines (Ogawa //et al.//, 1991).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Ogawa and Yamamoto, 1986). Mapped on chromosome 3 (Goto //et al.//, 2009).
=== Molecular markers ===

CAPS marker KUX11 and SSR marker RM347 (Goto //et al.//, 2009).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa12// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa-kg// (Ogawa //et al.//, 1978).
=== Source ===

Temperate //japonica// rice cultivar Kogyoku from Japan. Other cultivars: Te-tep, Java-14.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Ogawa //et al.//, 1978).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa13// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Os-11N8//, //OsSWEET11//.
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar BJ1 from India. Other cultivar: Chinsurah Boro II.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 8 (Chu //et al.//, 2006). Cloned and sequenced (Yang //et al//., 2006; Yuan //et al//., 2009). MSU ID: LOC_Os08g42350
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

SWEET-type protein. The XA13 protein may cooperate with two other proteins, COPT1 and COPT5, to promote removal of copper from xylem vessels (Yuan //et al//., 2010). Cognate avirulence gene: //pthXo1// (Yang //et al//., 2006).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa14// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice accession TN1 from Taiwan.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Taura //et al.//, 1987). Mapped on chromosome 4 (Bao //et al//., 2010). Cloned and sequenced (Ji //et al//., 2020). MSU ID: LOC_Os04g53120
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Allelic to //Xa1// (Ji //et al//., 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al//., 2016; Read //et al//., 2016).

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa15// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM41 mutant.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Nakai //et al//., 1988; Gnanamanickam //et al//., 1999).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa16// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Te-tep from Vietnam.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa17// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa1-as(t)//.
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Asominori from South Korea.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Ogawa //et al.//, 1989). Mapped on chromosome 4 (Endo //et al//., 2009, 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===

Ph phenol reaction, which turns rice seeds soaked in phenol solution dark brown; blast resistance gene //Pias(t)//; DNA markers (Ise //et al//., 1998; Endo //et al//., 2009, 2012).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa18// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice accession IR24 from the Philippines and //japonica// rice cultivar Toyonishiki from Japan. Other cultivar: Miyang23.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Liu //et al//., 2004; Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006)
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa19// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM5 (mutant of IR24).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Taura //et al//., 1991). Mapped on chromosome 7 (Taura & Ichitani, 2023).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Taura & Ichitani, 2023).

=== Brief description ===

The chromosomal location suggests that //xa19// might be allelic to a lesion-mimic mutant gene //spl5//, some alleles of which are resistant to several //Xoo// races (Taura & Ichitani, 2023).

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa20// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM6 (mutant of IR24).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Taura //et al//., 1992).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa21// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza longistaminata// line from Mali.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Khush //et al.//, 1990). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Ronald //et al//., 1992). Cloned and sequenced (Song //et al//., 1995). MSU ID: LOC_Os11g35500
=== Molecular markers ===

RAPD and RFLP markers (Ronald //et al//., 1992). Intragenic AFLP marker (Nanayakkara //et al//., 2020).
=== Brief description ===

Cognate avirulence gene: //raxX// (Pruitt //et al//., 2015).

The immune receptor XA21 is cleaved by the rhomboid-like protease OsRBL3b, likely within its transmembrane domain, which protects grain set and male fertility in rice. This balance between reproduction and disease resistance through the specific expression of a rhomboid protease may be key to limiting the detrimental effects of an active immune response (Vergish et al., 2025).

=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g35500/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa22// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Zhachanglong (ZCL) from China.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lin //et al//., 1996). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Lin //et al//., 1996; Wang //et al//., 2003; Sun //et al//., 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa23// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza rufipogon// accession RBB16.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Zhang //et al.//, 1994). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Zhang //et al//., 1998; Zhang //et al//., 2001). Cloned and sequenced (Wang //et al//., 2015).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Zhang //et al//., 1998).
=== Brief description ===

113-amino acid protein that shares 50% sequence identity with the executor R protein XA10 (Wang //et al//., 2015). Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa23//.
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/XA23/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa24(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice varieties DV85, DV86, Aus 295.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Khush & Angeles, 1999). Mapped on chromosome 2 (Lee & Khush, 2000).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa25// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//OsSWEET13//.
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Minghui (Chen //et al//., 2002) and its somaclonal mutant HX-3 (Gao //et al//., 2001; Gao & Sun, 2003) from China.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Gao //et al//., 2001; Chen //et al//., 2002). Mapped on centromeric region of chromosome 12 (Chen //et al//., 2002; Liu //et al//., 2011). Cloned and sequenced (Liu //et al//., 2011).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Chen //et al//., 2002).
=== Brief description ===

SWEET-type protein (Liu //et al//., 2011). Phenomenon of dominance reversal; heterozygous plants are susceptible at an early developmental stage but resistant at a late developmental stage (Liu //et al//., 2011). Cognate avirulence gene: //pthXo2// (Zhou //et al//., 2015).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os12g29220/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa26// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa3//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Minghui 63 from China.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 11 (Yang //et al//., 2003). Cloned and sequenced (Sun //et al//., 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP and SSR markers (Yang //et al//., 2003).
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein (Sun //et al//., 2004).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g47210/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa26(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Nep Bha Bong To from Vietnam.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lee //et al//., 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa27(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Arai Raj from Bangladesh.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lee //et al//., 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa27// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza minuta// (acc. no. 101141).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Amante-Bordeos //et al//., 1992). Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6 (Gu //et al//., 2004). Cloned and sequenced (Gu //et al//., 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

AFLP, RAPD and RFLP markers (Gu //et al//., 2004).
=== Brief description ===

Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa27// (Gu //et al//., 2005).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa27/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa28(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Lota Sail from Bangladesh.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lee //et al//., 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa29(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza officinalis// (B5).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 1 (Tan //et al//., 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa30(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza rufipogon// (Y238).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Tan //et al//., 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa31// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Zhachanglong (ZCL) from China.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified and mapped on chromosome 4 (Wang //et al//., 2009). Cloned and sequenced (Ji //et al//., 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Wang //et al//., 2009)
=== Brief description ===

Identical to //Xa2// and allelic to //Xa1// (Ji //et al//., 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al.//, 2016; Read //et al//., 2016).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa32(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza australiensis// accession C4064.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified and mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Zheng //et al//., 2009).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR and EST markers (Zheng //et al//., 2009).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa33(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Ba7 from Thailand.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6 (Korinsak //et al//., 2009; Natraj Kumar //et al//., 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Korinsak //et al//., 2009).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa34(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza brachyantha// (acc. no. 101232).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Ram //et al//., 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa35(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza minuta// (acc. no. 101133) from the Philippines.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Guo //et al//., 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa36(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession C4059 from China.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Miao //et al//., 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa37(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//NA//
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified.

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa38// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa30(t)//
=== Source ===

//Oryza nivara// IRGC81825.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Kaur //et al//., 2006). Mapped on long arm of chromosome 4 (Cheema //et al//., 2008).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Cheema //et al//., 2008).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa39// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

FF329.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Zhang //et al//., 2014).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa40(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR65482-7-216-1-2.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim //et al//., 2015).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa41(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Os-11N3//, //OsSWEET14//.
=== Source ===

Severel accessions of //Oryza glaberrima// and //Oryza barthii//.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Cloned and sequenced (Hutin //et al//., 2015).
=== Molecular markers ===

Intragenic AFLP marker (Hutin //et al//., 2015).
=== Brief description ===

SWEET-type protein. Cognate avirulence genes: //pthXo3//, //avrXa7//, //talC//, //tal5// (Antony //et al//., 2010; Yu //et al//., 2011; Streubel //et al//., 2013).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa42(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM14 (mutant of IR24).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 3 (Busungu //et al//., 2016, 2018; Lian //et al//., 2017).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa43(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR36 (P8).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim & Reinke, 2019).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa43(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

ZhangPu wild rice (//Oryza rufipogon//).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Huang //et al//., 2023).
=== Molecular markers ===

Inde1-18 (Huang //et al//., 2023).
=== Brief description ===

Use a map-based approach, a QTL/gene, //Xa43(t),// was identified in ZhangPu wild rice, which was highly resistant to the bacterial blight isolate PXO99. The candidate gene of //Xa43(t)// did not affect the main agronomic traits of rice.

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa44(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR73571-3B-11-3-K3 (P6).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim, 2018).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa45(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza glaberrima// accession IRGC 102600B.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Neelam //et al.//, 2020). Mapped on chromosome 8 (Babbar //et al.//, 2024).
=== Molecular markers ===

Indel marker at the locus LOC_Os08g42410 (Babbar //et al.//, 2024).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa46(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//NA//
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Chen //et al.//, 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g37540/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa47// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

G252 rice line, a BC<sub>2</sub> F<sub>16</sub> generation material of the Yuanjiang common wild rice infiltration line (//Oryza rufipogon//) (Xing //et al.//, 2021; Lu //et al.//, 2022).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified and mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Xing //et al.//, 2021). Cloned and sequenced (Lu //et al.//, 2022).
=== Molecular markers ===

Available (Xing //et al.//, 2021; Lu //et al.//, 2022).
=== Brief description ===

Members of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR) family.

=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/LOC_Os11g46200/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa48(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR 75084-15-3-B-B (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Sinha //et al.//, 2021). Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11, cloned and sequenced (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).
=== Molecular markers ===

Available, e.g., a PCR-based INDEL marker (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).
=== Brief description ===

NB-ARC domain-containing protein (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa49(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza rufipogon// acc. CR100098A (Bhatia //et al.//, 2025).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Bhatia //et// //et al.//, 2025).
=== Molecular markers ===

Available, e.g., KASP and SSR markers (Bhatia //et al.//, 2025).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa50(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Germplasm line CX315 (Li //et al.//, 2025).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Li //et// //et al.//, 2025).
=== Molecular markers ===

InDel markers M11-588 and M11-602 (Li //et al.//, 2025).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// =====

==== Resistance gene: //OsSULTR3;6// ====

Synonyms

//Os01g52130// (Cernadas //et al.//, 2014).
=== Source ===

Several cultivars of the indica group III subpopulation, such as ATT_CHHMOUS (IRIS_313-12142, acc. ERS469234), PAWNG_AEW_1 (IRIS_313-11508, acc. ERS468716), KHAO_SAHKORN (IRIS_313-11707, acc. ERS468944), and KYUN_TAW_SEIN (IRIS_313-11543, acc. ERS468742) (Shafique //et al.//, 2024).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Sequenced (Shafique //et al.//, 2024).
=== Molecular markers ===

InDel (Shafique //et al.//, 2024).
=== Brief description ===

Recessive loss-of-susceptibility-type of resistance. OsSULTR3;6 has been described as a sulfate transporter (Cernadas //et al.//, 2014). In compatible interactions, this gene is induced by TAL effectors, such as TalBF (Tal2g<sub>BLS256</sub> /Tal5d<sub>RS105</sub>) (Cernadas //et al.//, 2014; Xu //et al.//, 2021; Shafique //et al.//, 2024).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Rxo1// ====

Synonyms

//Rba1//.
=== Source ===

//NA//
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped to short arm of maize chromosome 6 (Zhao //et al//., 2004a). Cloned and sequenced (Zhao //et al//., 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein. Example of how nonhost resistance gene transfer between cereals - from maize to rice - provides resistance against bacterial streak disease (Zhao //et al//., 2005). Cognate avirulence gene: //avrRxo1// (Zhao //et al//., 2004b).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xo1// ====

Synonyms

//NA//
=== Source ===

Heirloom rice variety Carolina Gold Select.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (Triplett //et al//., 2016). Cloned (Read //et al//., 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein with a zinc finger BED domain (Read //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes.

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xo2// ====

Synonyms

//NA//
=== Source ===

Cultivar BHADOIA 303 (X455) from Bangladesh.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 2 (Chen //et al.//, 2022).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Candidate gene: //Osa002T0115800// (Chen //et al//., 2022).

----

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===== Further reading =====

Bag MK, Raghu S, Banerjee A, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Baite MS, Yadav M (2023). Durable resistance of rice to major and emerging diseases: current status. The Open Agricultural. J. 17:e187433152212301. Publisher ID: [[https://openagriculturejournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e187433152212301/FULLTEXT/|e187433152212301]]. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.2174/18743315-v17-e20230109-2022-HT14-3623-6|10.2174/18743315-v17-e20230109-2022-HT14-3623-6]]

Chukwu SC, Rafii MY, Ramlee SI, Ismail SI, Hasan MM, Oladosu YA, Magaji UG, Akos I, Olalekan KK (2019). Bacterial leaf blight resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approach. Mol. Biol. Rep. 46: 1519-1532. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04584-2|10.1007/s11033-019-04584-2]]

Ercoli MF, Luu DD, Rim EY, Shigenaga A, Teixeira de Araujo A Jr, Chern M, Jain R, Ruan R, Joe A, Stewart V, Ronald P (2022). Plant immunity: Rice XA21-mediated resistance to bacterial infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 119: e2121568119. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121568119|10.1073/pnas.2121568119]]

Fang Y, Ding D, Gu Y, Jia Q, Zheng Q, Qian Q, Wang Y, Rao Y, Mao Y (2023). Identification of QTLs conferring resistance to bacterial diseases in rice. Plants (Basel) 12: 2853. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152853|10.3390/plants12152853]]

Helliwell EE, Yang Y (2013). Molecular strategies to improve rice disease resistance. Methods Mol. Biol. 956: 285-309. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-194-3_21|10.1007/978-1-62703-194-3_21]]

Hu KM, Qiu DY, Shen XL, Li XH, Wang SP (2008). Isolation and manipulation of quantitative trait loci for disease resistance in rice using a candidate gene approach. Mol. Plant 1: 786-793. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssn039|10.1093/mp/ssn039]]

Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, McCouch SR (2007). Recessive resistance genes and the //Oryza sativa//-//Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// pathosystem. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20: 731-739. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-20-7-0731|10.1094/MPMI-20-7-0731]]

Ji Z, Wang C, Zhao K (2018). Rice routes of countering //Xanthomonas oryzae//. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 3008. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103008|10.3390/ijms19103008]]

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===== Acknowledgements =====

This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
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