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--- plant:pepper [2024/08/06 14:40] – [Pepper (//Capsicum annuum//)] rkoebnik
+++ plant:pepper [2025/02/24 15:24] (current) – [Further reading] rkoebnik
@@ Line 2: / Line 2: @@
 Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorota_Tekielska|Dorota Tekielska]]\\
-Internal reviewer: [[https://www.genetik.uni-hannover.de/boch.html|Jens Boch]]\\
+Internal reviewer: [[https://www.genetik.uni-hannover.de/boch.html|Jens Boch]]
-Expert reviewer: **WANTED!**
 ===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// =====
@@ Line 23: / Line 22: @@
 === Brief description ===
-//Bs1// is a dominant resistance which results in a fast hypersensitive response reaction upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs1 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//). The resistance is rapidly overcome in the field by mutation of //avrBs1// in the bacteria making this resistance unsuitable for commercial breeding.
+//Bs1// is a dominant resistance which results in a fast hypersensitive response reaction upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs1 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//). The resistance is rapidly overcome in the field by mutation of //avrBs1// in the bacteria making this resistance unsuitable for commercial breeding.
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@@ Line 43: / Line 42: @@
 === Brief description ===
-The dominant //Bs2// resistance gene encodes an NB-LRR protein which interacts with the AvrBs2 protein from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//)and causes a hypersensitive response (Tai //et al//., 1999). Expression of //Bs2// in other solanaceous plants, but not nonsolanaceous plants, also triggers hypersensitive response to AvrBs2. //Bs2// was broadly used in resistance breeding and in 2000 nearly 100% commercial bell peppers contained the //Bs2// resistance. Because pathogen strains with mutations in //avrBs2// emerged, //Bs2// was only effective for commercial control of bacterial spot disease for 5-6 years.
+The dominant //Bs2// resistance gene encodes an NB-LRR protein which interacts with the AvrBs2 protein from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//)and causes a hypersensitive response (Tai //et al//., 1999). Expression of //Bs2// in other solanaceous plants, but not nonsolanaceous plants, also triggers hypersensitive response to AvrBs2. //Bs2// was broadly used in resistance breeding and in 2000 nearly 100% commercial bell peppers contained the //Bs2// resistance. Because pathogen strains with mutations in //avrBs2// emerged, //Bs2// was only effective for commercial control of bacterial spot disease for 5-6 years.
 Transgenic tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum//) lines expressing the //Bs2// resistance gene from pepper, a close relative of tomato, demonstrated improved resistance to bacterial spot disease caused by //Xanthomonas// species in replicated multi-year field trials under commercial type growing conditions (Horvath //et al.//, 2012). The presence of the pepper //Bs2// gene in a highly susceptible tomato background reduced disease to extremely low levels (Horvath //et al.//, 2012).
@@ Line 65: / Line 64: @@
 === Brief description ===
-//Bs3// is a dominant resistance gene and not expressed during normal life of the plant. The TAL effector AvrBs3 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//) binds to the promoter of //Bs3// and causes expression which results in programmed cell death (Römer //et al//., 2007). //Bs3// encodes an unusual flavin monooxygenase, but it is unknown whether the Bs3 protein has any enzymatic activity. The //bs3// variant has a deletion in the promoter which prohibits binding of AvrBs3 (Römer //et al//., 2007). Instead, //bs3// is triggered by binding of a variant of AvrBs3 with deletions of several repeats that cause it to recognize the modified sequence in the promoter of //bs3 // (Römer //et al//., 2007). The TALE AvrHah1 from //Xanthomonas gardneri// also elicits the //Bs3// resistance. Commercial pepper lines containing //Bs2// and //Bs3// were used.
+//Bs3// is a dominant resistance gene and not expressed during normal life of the plant. The TAL effector AvrBs3 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria//pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//) binds to the promoter of //Bs3// and causes expression which results in programmed cell death (Römer //et al//., 2007). //Bs3// encodes an unusual flavin monooxygenase, but it is unknown whether the Bs3 protein has any enzymatic activity. The //bs3// variant has a deletion in the promoter which prohibits binding of AvrBs3 (Römer //et al//., 2007). Instead, //bs3// is triggered by binding of a variant of AvrBs3 with deletions of several repeats that cause it to recognize the modified sequence in the promoter of //bs3// (Römer //et al//., 2007). The TALE AvrHah1 from //Xanthomonas gardneri// also elicits the //Bs3// resistance. Commercial pepper lines containing //Bs2// and //Bs3// were used.
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@@ Line 85: / Line 84: @@
 === Brief description ===
-//Bs4// is a dominant resistance gene. It has not been introgressed into pepper, because //C. annuum// can not be crossed with //C. pubescens. //Transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) was used to identify a candidate for //Bs4C//, an //R// gene from pepper that mediates recognition of the //Xanthomonas// TAL effector (TALE) AvrBs4 (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). The candidate //Bs4C// gene was found to have an AvrBs4 binding site in its promoter that directs its transcriptional activation. Comparison of //Bs4C// with a nonfunctional allele that is unable to recognize AvrBs4 revealed a 2-bp polymorphism within the TALE binding site of the //Bs4C// promoter (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). Bs4C encodes a structurally unique R protein and Bs4C-like genes that are present in many solanaceous genomes seem to be as tightly regulated as pepper Bs4C (Strauß //et al.//, 2012).
+//Bs4// is a dominant resistance gene. It has not been introgressed into pepper, because //C. annuum// can not be crossed with //C. pubescens//. Transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) was used to identify a candidate for //Bs4C//, an //R// gene from pepper that mediates recognition of the //Xanthomonas// TAL effector (TALE) AvrBs4 (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). The candidate //Bs4C// gene was found to have an AvrBs4 binding site in its promoter that directs its transcriptional activation. Comparison of //Bs4C// with a nonfunctional allele that is unable to recognize AvrBs4 revealed a 2-bp polymorphism within the TALE binding site of the //Bs4C// promoter (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). Bs4C encodes a structurally unique R protein and Bs4C-like genes that are present in many solanaceous genomes seem to be as tightly regulated as pepper Bs4C (Strauß //et al.//, 2012).
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@@ Line 146: / Line 145: @@
 === Brief description ===
-The dominant //BsT// resistance gene from //C. pubescens// causes a hypersensitive response upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBsT from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//)//.// Expression of //avrBsT// in //C. annuum// using //Agrobacterium// causes an HR and infection of papper with //Xcv// strains containing //avrBsT// on a high-copy plasmid causes a spotty hypersensitive reaction (Escolar //et al//., 2001) indicating that //BsT// is also present in //C. annuum//.
+The dominant //BsT// resistance gene from //C. pubescens// causes a hypersensitive response upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBsT from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//)//.// Expression of //avrBsT// in //C. annuum// using //Agrobacterium// causes an HR and infection of papper with //Xcv// strains containing //avrBsT// on a high-copy plasmid causes a spotty hypersensitive reaction (Escolar //et al//., 2001) indicating that //BsT// is also present in //C. annuum//.
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@@ Line 247: / Line 246: @@
 Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, You JS, Paek KH (2002). Induction of pepper cDNA encoding a lipid transfer protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 243-254. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013383329361|10.1023/a:1013383329361]]
-Riva EM, Rodrigues R, Pereira MG, Sudré CP, Karasawa M (2004). Inheritance of bacterial spot disease in //Capsicum annuum// L. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 4: 490-494. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18|10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18]]
+Riva EM, Rodrigues R, Pereira MG, Sudré CP, Karasawa M (2004). Inheritance of bacterial spot disease in //Capsicum annuum// L. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 4: 490-494. PDF: [[https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2023/09/26/article-inheritance-of-bacterial-spot-disease-in-capsicum-annuum-l/|https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2023/09/26/article-inheritance-of-bacterial-spot-disease-in-capsicum-annuum-l/]]
-Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Bento CS, de Pina Matta F (2009). Genetic parameters and selection for resistance to bacterial spot in recombinant F<sub>6</sub> lines of //Capsicum annuum//. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 9: 108-115. PDF: [[http://www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf|www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf]]
+Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Bento CS, de Pina Matta F (2009). Genetic parameters and selection for resistance to bacterial spot in recombinant F<sub>6</sub> lines of //Capsicum annuum//. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 9: 108-115. PDF: [[https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2025/01/20/article-genetic-parameters-and-selection-for-resistance-to-bacterial-spot-in-recombinant-f6-lines-of-capsicum-annuum/|https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2025/01/20/article-genetic-parameters-and-selection-for-resistance-to-bacterial-spot-in-recombinant-f6-lines-of-capsicum-annuum/]]
-Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Viana AP, do Amaral jr. AT (2007). Obtaining pepper F<sub>2:3</sub> lines with resistance to the bacterial spot using the pedigree method. Horticultura Brasileira 25: 567-571. PDF: [[https://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf|www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf]]
+Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Viana AP, do Amaral jr. AT (2007). Obtaining pepper F<sub>2:3</sub> lines with resistance to the bacterial spot using the pedigree method. Horticultura Brasileira 25: 567-571. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362007000400014|10.1590/S0102-05362007000400014]]
 Romero AM, Kousik CS, Ritchie DF (2002). Temperature sensitivity of the hypersensitive response of bell pepper to //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //vesicatoria//. Phytopathology 92: 197-203. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197|10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197]]
-Sharma A, Li J, Wente R, Minsavage GV, Gill US, Ortega A, Vallejos CE, Hart JP, Staskawicz BJ, Mazourek MR, Stall RE, Jones JB, Hutton SF (2023). Mapping of the //bs5 //and //bs6// non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper. Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1061803. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803|10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803]]
+Sharma A, Li J, Wente R, Minsavage GV, Gill US, Ortega A, Vallejos CE, Hart JP, Staskawicz BJ, Mazourek MR, Stall RE, Jones JB, Hutton SF (2023). Mapping of the //bs5// and //bs6// non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper. Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1061803. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803|10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803]]
 Silva LRA, Rodrigues R, Pimenta S, Correa JWS, Araújo MSB, Bento CS, Sudré CP (2017). Inheritance of bacterial spot resistance in //Capsicum annuum// var. //annuum//. Genet. Mol. Res. 16: gmr16029631. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029631|10.4238/gmr16029631]]
 Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV (2009). Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 47: 265-284. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752]]
+----
+===== Acknowledgements =====
+This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

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