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plant:pepper [2024/07/30 09:39] – [Resistance gene: //bs5//] rkoebnikplant:pepper [2025/04/07 11:31] (current) – [Resistance gene: //bs6//] rkoebnik
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-====== Pepper (//Capsicum annuum//) ======+====== Plant Resistance Genes in Pepper (//Capsicum annuum// L.) against //Xanthomonas// Infection ======
  
 Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorota_Tekielska|Dorota Tekielska]]\\ Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Dorota_Tekielska|Dorota Tekielska]]\\
-Internal reviewer: [[https://www.genetik.uni-hannover.de/boch.html|Jens Boch]]\\ +Internal reviewer: [[https://www.genetik.uni-hannover.de/boch.html|Jens Boch]]
-Expert reviewer: **WANTED!**+
  
 ===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// ===== ===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// =====
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 === Brief description === === Brief description ===
  
-//Bs1// is a dominant resistance which results in a fast hypersensitive response reaction upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs1 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//). The resistance is rapidly overcome in the field by mutation of //avrBs1// in the bacteria making this resistance unsuitable for commercial breeding.+//Bs1// is a dominant resistance which results in a fast hypersensitive response reaction upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBs1 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//). The resistance is rapidly overcome in the field by mutation of //avrBs1// in the bacteria making this resistance unsuitable for commercial breeding.
  
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 === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
  
-//Bs2// was the first cloned resistance gene in pepper (Tai //et al.//, 1999). //Bs2// was backcrossed over 7 generations into the commercial pepper cultivar Early Calwonder (ECW) to produce a near-isogenic pepper cultigen (ECW20R) (Stall //et al//., 2009). The three resistance genes //Bs1//, //Bs2//, and //Bs3// were transferred to a single plant of ECW and designated ECW123.+//Bs2// was the first cloned and sequenced resistance gene in pepper (Tai //et al.//, 1999). //Bs2// was backcrossed over 7 generations into the commercial pepper cultivar Early Calwonder (ECW) to produce a near-isogenic pepper cultigen (ECW20R) (Stall //et al//., 2009). The three resistance genes //Bs1//, //Bs2//, and //Bs3// were transferred to a single plant of ECW and designated ECW123.
 === Molecular markers === === Molecular markers ===
  
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 === Brief description === === Brief description ===
  
-The dominant //Bs2// resistance gene encodes an NB-LRR protein which interacts with the AvrBs2 protein from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//)and causes a hypersensitive response (Tai //et al//., 1999). Expression of //Bs2// in other solanaceous plants, but not nonsolanaceous plants, also triggers hypersensitive response to AvrBs2. //Bs2// was broadly used in resistance breeding and in 2000 nearly 100% commercial bell peppers contained the //Bs2// resistance. Because pathogen strains with mutations in //avrBs2// emerged, //Bs2// was only effective for commercial control of bacterial spot disease for 5-6 years.+The dominant //Bs2// resistance gene encodes an NB-LRR protein which interacts with the AvrBs2 protein from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//)and causes a hypersensitive response (Tai //et al//., 1999). Expression of //Bs2// in other solanaceous plants, but not nonsolanaceous plants, also triggers hypersensitive response to AvrBs2. //Bs2// was broadly used in resistance breeding and in 2000 nearly 100% commercial bell peppers contained the //Bs2// resistance. Because pathogen strains with mutations in //avrBs2// emerged, //Bs2// was only effective for commercial control of bacterial spot disease for 5-6 years.
  
 Transgenic tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum//) lines expressing the //Bs2// resistance gene from pepper, a close relative of tomato, demonstrated improved resistance to bacterial spot disease caused by //Xanthomonas// species in replicated multi-year field trials under commercial type growing conditions (Horvath //et al.//, 2012). The presence of the pepper //Bs2// gene in a highly susceptible tomato background reduced disease to extremely low levels (Horvath //et al.//, 2012). Transgenic tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum//) lines expressing the //Bs2// resistance gene from pepper, a close relative of tomato, demonstrated improved resistance to bacterial spot disease caused by //Xanthomonas// species in replicated multi-year field trials under commercial type growing conditions (Horvath //et al.//, 2012). The presence of the pepper //Bs2// gene in a highly susceptible tomato background reduced disease to extremely low levels (Horvath //et al.//, 2012).
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 === Brief description === === Brief description ===
  
-//Bs3// is a dominant resistance gene and not expressed during normal life of the plant. The TAL effector AvrBs3 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//) binds to the promoter of //Bs3// and causes expression which results in programmed cell death (Römer //et al//., 2007). //Bs3// encodes an unusual flavin monooxygenase, but it is unknown whether the Bs3 protein has any enzymatic activity. The //bs3// variant has a deletion in the promoter which prohibits binding of AvrBs3 (Römer //et al//., 2007). Instead, //bs3// is triggered by binding of a variant of AvrBs3 with deletions of several repeats that cause it to recognize the modified sequence in the promoter of //bs3 // (Römer //et al//., 2007). The TALE AvrHah1 from //Xanthomonas gardneri// also elicits the //Bs3// resistance. Commercial pepper lines containing //Bs2// and //Bs3// were used.+//Bs3// is a dominant resistance gene and not expressed during normal life of the plant. The TAL effector AvrBs3 from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria//pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//) binds to the promoter of //Bs3// and causes expression which results in programmed cell death (Römer //et al//., 2007). //Bs3// encodes an unusual flavin monooxygenase, but it is unknown whether the Bs3 protein has any enzymatic activity. The //bs3// variant has a deletion in the promoter which prohibits binding of AvrBs3 (Römer //et al//., 2007). Instead, //bs3// is triggered by binding of a variant of AvrBs3 with deletions of several repeats that cause it to recognize the modified sequence in the promoter of //bs3// (Römer //et al//., 2007). The TALE AvrHah1 from //Xanthomonas gardneri// also elicits the //Bs3// resistance. Commercial pepper lines containing //Bs2// and //Bs3// were used.
  
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 === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
  
-Identified in pepper, cloned from tomato (//Bs4//: Schornack //et al//., 2004) and pepper (//Bs4C//; Strauß //et al.//, 2012).+Identified in pepper, cloned and sequenced from tomato (//Bs4//: Schornack //et al//., 2004) and pepper (//Bs4C//; Strauß //et al.//, 2012).
 === Molecular markers === === Molecular markers ===
  
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 === Brief description === === Brief description ===
  
-//Bs4// is a dominant resistance gene. It has not been introgressed into pepper, because //C. annuum// can not be crossed with //C. pubescens. //Transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) was used to identify a candidate for //Bs4C//, an //R// gene from pepper that mediates recognition of the //Xanthomonas// TAL effector (TALE) AvrBs4 (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). The candidate //Bs4C// gene was found to have an AvrBs4 binding site in its promoter that directs its transcriptional activation. Comparison of //Bs4C// with a nonfunctional allele that is unable to recognize AvrBs4 revealed a 2-bp polymorphism within the TALE binding site of the //Bs4C// promoter (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). Bs4C encodes a structurally unique R protein and Bs4C-like genes that are present in many solanaceous genomes seem to be as tightly regulated as pepper Bs4C (Strauß //et al.//, 2012).+//Bs4// is a dominant resistance gene. It has not been introgressed into pepper, because //C. annuum// can not be crossed with //C. pubescens//. Transcriptome profiling (RNA-seq) was used to identify a candidate for //Bs4C//, an //R// gene from pepper that mediates recognition of the //Xanthomonas// TAL effector (TALE) AvrBs4 (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). The candidate //Bs4C// gene was found to have an AvrBs4 binding site in its promoter that directs its transcriptional activation. Comparison of //Bs4C// with a nonfunctional allele that is unable to recognize AvrBs4 revealed a 2-bp polymorphism within the TALE binding site of the //Bs4C// promoter (Strauß //et al.//, 2012). Bs4C encodes a structurally unique R protein and Bs4C-like genes that are present in many solanaceous genomes seem to be as tightly regulated as pepper Bs4C (Strauß //et al.//, 2012).
  
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 === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) === === Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
  
-Identified. //bs6// has been transferred to the pepper cultivar ECW, backcrossed, and designated ECW60R. //bs6// was delimited to a ~666-kb interval on chromosome 6 and 8 candidate resistance genes for //bs6// were identified based on predicted protein coding polymorphisms between ECW and the corresponding resistant parent (Sharma //et al.//, 2023).+Identified. //bs6// has been transferred to the pepper cultivar ECW, backcrossed, and designated ECW60R. //bs6// was delimited to a ~666-kb interval on chromosome 6 and eight candidate resistance genes for //bs6// were identified based on predicted protein coding polymorphisms between ECW and the corresponding resistant parent (Sharma //et al.//, 2023).
 === Molecular markers === === Molecular markers ===
  
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 === Brief description === === Brief description ===
  
-The dominant //BsT// resistance gene from //C. pubescens// causes a hypersensitive response upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBsT from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria //pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //vesicatoria//)//.// Expression of //avrBsT// in //C. annuum// using //Agrobacterium// causes an HR and infection of papper with //Xcv// strains containing //avrBsT// on a high-copy plasmid causes a spotty hypersensitive reaction (Escolar //et al//., 2001) indicating that //BsT// is also present in //C. annuum//.+The dominant //BsT// resistance gene from //C. pubescens// causes a hypersensitive response upon recognition of the type III effector AvrBsT from //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//)//.// Expression of //avrBsT// in //C. annuum// using //Agrobacterium// causes an HR and infection of papper with //Xcv// strains containing //avrBsT// on a high-copy plasmid causes a spotty hypersensitive reaction (Escolar //et al//., 2001) indicating that //BsT// is also present in //C. annuum//.
  
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 Römer P, Hahn S, Jordan T, Strauss T, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2007). Plant pathogen recognition mediated by promoter activation of the pepper //Bs3// resistance gene. Science 318: 645-648. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144958|10.1126/science.1144958]] Römer P, Hahn S, Jordan T, Strauss T, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2007). Plant pathogen recognition mediated by promoter activation of the pepper //Bs3// resistance gene. Science 318: 645-648. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1126/science.1144958|10.1126/science.1144958]]
 +
 +Schornack S, Ballvora A, Gürlebeck D, Peart J, Baulcombe D, Ganal M, Baker B, Bonas U, Lahaye T (2004). The tomato resistance protein Bs4 is a predicted non-nuclear TIR-NB-LRR protein that mediates defense responses to severely truncated derivatives of AvrBs4 and overexpressed AvrBs3. Plant J. 37: 46-60. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01937.x|10.1046/j.1365-313x.2003.01937.x]]
  
 Sharma A, Minsavage GV, Gill U, Hutton S, Jones JB (2022). Identification and mapping of //bs8//, a novel locus conferring resistance to bacterial spot caused by //Xanthomonas gardneri//. Phytopathology 112: 1640-1650. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-21-0339-R|10.1094/PHYTO-08-21-0339-R]] Sharma A, Minsavage GV, Gill U, Hutton S, Jones JB (2022). Identification and mapping of //bs8//, a novel locus conferring resistance to bacterial spot caused by //Xanthomonas gardneri//. Phytopathology 112: 1640-1650. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-21-0339-R|10.1094/PHYTO-08-21-0339-R]]
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 Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, You JS, Paek KH (2002). Induction of pepper cDNA encoding a lipid transfer protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 243-254. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013383329361|10.1023/a:1013383329361]] Park CJ, Shin R, Park JM, Lee GJ, You JS, Paek KH (2002). Induction of pepper cDNA encoding a lipid transfer protein during the resistance response to tobacco mosaic virus. Plant Mol. Biol. 48: 243-254. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1023/a:1013383329361|10.1023/a:1013383329361]]
  
-Riva EM, Rodrigues R, Pereira MG, Sudré CP, Karasawa M (2004). Inheritance of bacterial spot disease in //Capsicum annuum// L. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 4: 490-494. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18|10.12702/1984-7033.v04n04a18]]+Riva EM, Rodrigues R, Pereira MG, Sudré CP, Karasawa M (2004). Inheritance of bacterial spot disease in //Capsicum annuum// L. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 4: 490-494. PDF: [[https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2023/09/26/article-inheritance-of-bacterial-spot-disease-in-capsicum-annuum-l/|https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2023/09/26/article-inheritance-of-bacterial-spot-disease-in-capsicum-annuum-l/]]
  
-Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Bento CS, de Pina Matta F (2009). Genetic parameters and selection for resistance to bacterial spot in recombinant F<sub>6</sub> lines of //Capsicum annuum//. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 9: 108-115. PDF: [[http://www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf|www.sbmp.org.br/cbab/siscbab/uploads/c8129491-83fe-7669.pdf]]+Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Bento CS, de Pina Matta F (2009). Genetic parameters and selection for resistance to bacterial spot in recombinant F<sub>6</sub> lines of //Capsicum annuum//. Crop Breed. Appl. Biotechnol. 9: 108-115. PDF: [[https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2025/01/20/article-genetic-parameters-and-selection-for-resistance-to-bacterial-spot-in-recombinant-f6-lines-of-capsicum-annuum/|https://cbab.sbmp.org.br/2025/01/20/article-genetic-parameters-and-selection-for-resistance-to-bacterial-spot-in-recombinant-f6-lines-of-capsicum-annuum/]]
  
-Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Viana AP, do Amaral jr. AT (2007). Obtaining pepper F<sub>2:3</sub> lines with resistance to the bacterial spot using the pedigree method. Horticultura Brasileira 25: 567-571. PDF: [[https://www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf|www.scielo.br/pdf/hb/v25n4/a14v25n4.pdf]]+Riva-Souza EM, Rodrigues R, Sudré CP, Pereira MG, Viana AP, do Amaral jr. AT (2007). Obtaining pepper F<sub>2:3</sub> lines with resistance to the bacterial spot using the pedigree method. Horticultura Brasileira 25: 567-571. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1590/S0102-05362007000400014|10.1590/S0102-05362007000400014]]
  
 Romero AM, Kousik CS, Ritchie DF (2002). Temperature sensitivity of the hypersensitive response of bell pepper to //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //vesicatoria//. Phytopathology 92: 197-203. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197|10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197]] Romero AM, Kousik CS, Ritchie DF (2002). Temperature sensitivity of the hypersensitive response of bell pepper to //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //vesicatoria//. Phytopathology 92: 197-203. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197|10.1094/PHYTO.2002.92.2.197]]
  
-Sharma A, Li J, Wente R, Minsavage GV, Gill US, Ortega A, Vallejos CE, Hart JP, Staskawicz BJ, Mazourek MR, Stall RE, Jones JB, Hutton SF (2023). Mapping of the //bs5 //and //bs6// non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper. Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1061803. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803|10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803]]+Sharma A, Li J, Wente R, Minsavage GV, Gill US, Ortega A, Vallejos CE, Hart JP, Staskawicz BJ, Mazourek MR, Stall RE, Jones JB, Hutton SF (2023). Mapping of the //bs5// and //bs6// non-race-specific recessive resistances against bacterial spot of pepper. Front. Plant Sci. 14: 1061803. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803|10.3389/fpls.2023.1061803]]
  
 Silva LRA, Rodrigues R, Pimenta S, Correa JWS, Araújo MSB, Bento CS, Sudré CP (2017). Inheritance of bacterial spot resistance in //Capsicum annuum// var. //annuum//. Genet. Mol. Res. 16: gmr16029631. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029631|10.4238/gmr16029631]] Silva LRA, Rodrigues R, Pimenta S, Correa JWS, Araújo MSB, Bento CS, Sudré CP (2017). Inheritance of bacterial spot resistance in //Capsicum annuum// var. //annuum//. Genet. Mol. Res. 16: gmr16029631. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.4238/gmr16029631|10.4238/gmr16029631]]
  
 Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV (2009). Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 47: 265-284. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752]] Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV (2009). Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 47: 265-284. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752]]
 +
 +----
 +
 +===== Acknowledgements =====
 +
 +This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
  
plant/pepper.1722328799.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/07/30 09:39 by rkoebnik

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