Table of Contents

Plant Resistance Genes in Rice (//Oryza// spp.) against //Xanthomonas// Infection

Author: Ralf Koebnik
Internal reviewer:
Expert reviewer: WANTED!

Additional information on rice resistance genes can be found at the Oryzabase database (Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006).

Pathogen: //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae//

Resistance gene: //Xa1//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Temperate japonica rice cultivar Kogyoku from Japan (Sakaguchi, 1967).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Sakaguchi, 1967). Cloned and sequenced (Yoshimura et al., 1998).

Molecular markers

RAPD markers (Yoshimura et al., 1995).

Brief description

NB-LRR class protein (Yoshimura et al., 1998). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji et al., 2016; Read et al., 2016).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa2//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Indica rice cultivar Te-tep from Vietnam (Sakaguchi, 1967).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (He et al., 2006). Cloned and sequenced (Ji et al., 2020).

Molecular markers

SSR markers (He et al., 2006).

Brief description

Allelic to Xa1 (Ji et al., 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji et al., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji et al., 2016; Read et al., 2016).


Resistance gene: //Xa3//

Synonyms

Xa-w (Ezuka et al., 1975).

Source

Japonica rice cultivar Wase Aikoku 3 from Japan (Ezuka et al., 1975). Other cultivars: Chugoku 45 (Ogawa et al., 1986a), Java 14 (Ogawa et al., 1986a).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Yoshimura et al., 1992). Cloned and sequenced (Sun et al., 2004; Xiang et al., 2006).

Molecular markers

RFLP marker (Yoshimura et al., 1995), PCR-based SNP markers (Hur et al., 2013).

Brief description

Allelic to Xa6 (Ogawa et al., 1986b); allelic to Xa26 (Xiang et al., 2006); NB-LRR class protein. Cognate avirulence gene: avrXa3 (Li et al., 2004).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa4//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Indica rice accession TKM 6 from India. Other accessions: IR 20, IR 22.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Wang et al., 2001; Sun et al., 2003). Cloned and sequenced (Hu et al., 2017).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

Wall-associated kinase (WAK) (Hu et al., 2017).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //xa5//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice accession DZ192 from Bangladesh. Other accessions: DV85, DV86, DZ78.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 5. Cloned and sequenced (Iyer & McCouch, 2004).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

TFIIAγ5 transcription factor (Iyer & McCouch, 2004; Jiang et al., 2006). Direct interaction of several TALEs with TFIIAγ5 is required for activation of disease susceptibility genes (Yuan et al., 2016). Suppression or mutation of TFIIAγ5 can also reduce bacterial streak, another disease of rice caused by TALE-carrying Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola (Yuan et al., 2016). Cognate avirulence genes: avrxa5, pthXo6, pthXo7 (Sugio et al., 2007; Zou et al., 2010).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa6//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice cultivar Zenith from U.S.A.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Sidhu et al., 1978).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa7//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice accession DZ78 from Bangladesh. Other accessions: DV85, DV86.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Sidhu et al., 1978). Mapped on chromosome 6 (Lee & Khush, 2000; Porter et al., 2003). Cloned & sequenced (Chen et al., 2021; Luo et al., 2021).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

Cognate avirulence genes: avrXa7, pthXo3 (Hopkins et al., 1992; Yang et al., 2000; Yang & White, 2004). The transcription activator-like effector (TALE) AvrXa7 in Xoo strains binds directly to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the promoter of the Xa7 gene (He et al., 2024). Other executor R genes (Xa10, Xa23, and Xa27) driven by the promoter of the Xa7 gene could be activated by AvrXa7 and trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves (He et al., 2024).


Resistance gene: //xa8//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice accession PI231129 from U.S.A.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Sidhu et al., 1978). Mapped on chromosome 7 (Singh et al., 2002).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa9//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice cultivar Khao Lay Nhay from Laos. Other rice cultivar: Sateng.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Singh et al., 1983; Ogawa et al., 1988).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa10//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice accession Cas 209 from Senegal. Xa10-like genes in rice cultivar Nipponbare (Wang et al., 2017).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Yoshimura et al., 1983). Cloned and sequenced (Tian et al., 2014).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

The TAL effector-dependent resistance protein XA10 triggers cell death and calcium depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum (Tian et al., 2014). The predicted membrane protein shares 50% sequence identity with the executor R protein XA23 (Wang et al., 2015). Induction of Xa10-like genes in the rice cultivar Nipponbare confers disease resistance to bacterial blight (Wang et al., 2017). Cognate avirulence gene: avrXa10.

Other resources

FunRiceGenes. Nipponbare: FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa11//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Indica rice accessions IR8 and IR944 from the Philippines.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 3 (Mew, 1987).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa12//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Temperate japonica rice cultivar Kogyoku from Japan. Other cultivars: Te-tep, Java-14.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Mew, 1987).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa13//

Synonyms

Os-11N8, OsSWEET11.

Source

Rice cultivar BJ1 from India. Other cultivar: Chinsurah Boro II.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 8 (Chu et al., 2006). Cloned and sequenced (Yang et al., 2006; Yuan et al., 2009).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

SWEET-type protein. The XA13 protein may cooperate with two other proteins, COPT1 and COPT5, to promote removal of copper from xylem vessels (Yuan et al., 2010). Cognate avirulence gene: pthXo1 (Yang et al., 2006).


Resistance gene: //Xa14//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Japonica rice accession TN1 from Taiwan.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Bao et al., 2010). Cloned and sequenced (Ji et al., 2020).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

Allelic to Xa1 (Ji et al., 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji et al., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji et al., 2016; Read et al., 2016).


Resistance gene: //xa15//

Synonyms

NA

Source

XM41 mutant.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

NA (Nakai et al., 1988; Gnanamanickam et al., 1999).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa16//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Indica rice cultivar Te-tep from Vietnam.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa17//

Synonyms

Xa1-as(t).

Source

Japonica rice cultivar Asominori from South Korea.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Endo et al., 2009, 2012).

Molecular markers

Ph phenol reaction, which turns rice seeds soaked in phenol solution dark brown; blast resistance gene Pias(t); DNA markers (Ise et al., 1998; Endo et al., 2009, 2012).

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa18//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Indica rice accession IR24 from the Philippines and japonica rice cultivar Toyonishiki from Japan. Other cultivar: Miyang23.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Liu et al., 2004; Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006)

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa19//

Synonyms

NA

Source

XM5 (mutant of IR24).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Taura et al., 1991).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa20//

Synonyms

NA

Source

XM6 (mutant of IR24).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Taura et al., 1992).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa21//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza longistaminata line from Mali.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Ronald et al., 1992). Cloned and sequenced (Song et al., 1995).

Molecular markers

RAPD and RFLP markers (Ronald et al., 1992). Intragenic AFLP marker (Nanayakkara et al., 2020).

Brief description

Cognate avirulence gene: raxX (Pruitt et al., 2015).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa22//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Japonica rice cultivar Zhachanglong (ZCL) from China.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Lin et al., 1996). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Lin et al., 1996; Wang et al., 2003; Sun et al., 2004).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa23//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza rufipogon accession RBB16.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Zhang et al., 1994). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Zhang et al., 1998; Zhang et al., 2001). Cloned and sequenced (Wang et al., 2015).

Molecular markers

SSR markers (Zhang et al., 1998).

Brief description

113-amino acid protein that shares 50% sequence identity with the executor R protein XA10 (Wang et al., 2015). Cognate avirulence gene: avrXa23.

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa24(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice varieties DV85, DV86, Aus 295.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Khush & Angeles, 1999). Mapped on chromosome 2 (Lee & Khush, 2000).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa25//

Synonyms

OsSWEET13.

Source

Indica rice cultivar Minghui (Chen et al., 2002) and its somaclonal mutant HX-3 (Gao et al., 2001; Gao & Sun, 2003) from China.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Gao et al., 2001; Chen et al., 2002). Mapped on centromeric region of chromosome 12 (Chen et al., 2002; Liu et al., 2011). Cloned and sequenced (Liu et al., 2011).

Molecular markers

RFLP markers (Chen et al., 2002).

Brief description

SWEET-type protein (Liu et al., 2011). Phenomenon of dominance reversal; heterozygous plants are susceptible at an early developmental stage but resistant at a late developmental stage (Liu et al., 2011). Cognate avirulence gene: pthXo2 (Zhou et al., 2015).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa26//

Synonyms

Xa3

Source

Rice cultivar Minghui 63 from China.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 11 (Yang et al., 2003). Cloned and sequenced (Sun et al., 2004).

Molecular markers

RFLP and SSR markers (Yang et al., 2003).

Brief description

NB-LRR class protein (Sun et al., 2004).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //xa26(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice cultivar Nep Bha Bong To from Vietnam.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Lee et al., 2003).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa27(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice cultivar Arai Raj from Bangladesh.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Lee et al., 2003).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa27//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza minuta (acc. no. 101141).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Amante-Bordeos et al., 1992). Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6 (Gu et al., 2004). Cloned and sequenced (Gu et al., 2005).

Molecular markers

AFLP, RAPD and RFLP markers (Gu et al., 2004).

Brief description

Cognate avirulence gene: avrXa27 (Gu et al., 2005).

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //xa28(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice cultivar Lota Sail from Bangladesh.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Lee et al., 2003).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa29(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza officinalis (B5).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 1 (Tan et al., 2004).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa30(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza rufipogon (Y238).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Tan et al., 2004).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa31//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Japonica rice cultivar Zhachanglong (ZCL) from China.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified and mapped on chromosome 4 (Wang et al., 2009). Cloned and sequenced (Ji et al., 2020).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

Identical to Xa2 and allelic to Xa1 (Ji et al., 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji et al., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji et al., 2016; Read et al., 2016).


Resistance gene: //Xa32(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza australiensis accession C4064.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified and mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Zheng et al., 2009).

Molecular markers

SSR and EST markers (Zheng et al., 2009).

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa33(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Indica rice cultivar Ba7 from Thailand.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6 (Korinsak et al., 2009; Natraj Kumar et al., 2012).

Molecular markers

SSR markers (Korinsak et al., 2009).

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa34(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza brachyantha (acc. no. 101232).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Ram et al., 2010).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa35(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza minuta (acc. no. 101133) from the Philippines.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Guo et al., 2010).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa36(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Rice accession C4059 from China.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Miao et al., 2010).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa37(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

NA

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified.

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa38//

Synonyms

Xa30(t)

Source

Oryza nivara IRGC81825.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Kaur et al., 2006). Mapped on long arm of chromosome 4 (Cheema et al., 2008).

Molecular markers

SSR markers (Cheema et al., 2008).

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa39//

Synonyms

NA

Source

FF329.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Zhang et al., 2014).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa40(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

IR65482-7-216-1-2.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim et al., 2015).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa41(t)//

Synonyms

Os-11N3, OsSWEET14.

Source

Severel accessions of Oryza glaberrima and Oryza barthii.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Cloned and sequenced (Hutin et al., 2015).

Molecular markers

Intragenic AFLP marker (Hutin et al., 2015).

Brief description

SWEET-type protein. Cognate avirulence genes: pthXo3, avrXa7, talC, tal5 (Antony et al., 2010; Yu et al., 2011; Streubel et al., 2013).


Resistance gene: //Xa42(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

XM14 (mutant of IR24).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 3 (Busungu et al., 2016, 2018; Lian et al., 2017).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa43(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

IR36 (P8).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim & Reinke, 2019).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa43(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

ZhangPu wild rice (Oryza rufipogon).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Huang et al., 2023).

Molecular markers

Inde1-18 (Huang et al., 2023).

Brief description

Use a map-based approach, a QTL/gene, Xa43(t), was identified in ZhangPu wild rice, which was highly resistant to the bacterial blight isolate PXO99. The candidate gene of Xa43(t) did not affect the main agronomic traits of rice.


Resistance gene: //xa44(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

IR73571-3B-11-3-K3 (P6).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim, 2018).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //xa45(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Oryza glaberrima accession IRGC 102600B.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Neelam et al., 2020). Mapped on chromosome 8 (Babbar et al., 2024).

Molecular markers

Indel marker at the locus LOC_Os08g42410 (Babbar et al., 2024).

Brief description

NA


Resistance gene: //Xa46(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

NA

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Chen et al., 2020).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NA

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa47//

Synonyms

NA

Source

G252 rice line, a BC2 F16 generation material of the Yuanjiang common wild rice infiltration line (Oryza rufipogon) (Xing et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified and mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Xing et al., 2021). Cloned and sequenced (Lu et al., 2022).

Molecular markers

Available (Xing et al., 2021; Lu et al., 2022).

Brief description

Members of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR) family.

Other resources

FunRiceGenes.


Resistance gene: //Xa48(t)//

Synonyms

NA

Source

IR 75084-15-3-B-B (Sinha et al., 2023).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Identified (Sinha et al., 2021). Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11, clones and sequenced (Sinha et al., 2023).

Molecular markers

Available, e.g., a PCR-based INDEL marker (Sinha et al., 2023).

Brief description

NB-ARC domain-containing protein (Sinha et al., 2023).


Pathogen: //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzicola//

Resistance gene: //OsSULTR3;6//

Synonyms

Os01g52130 (Cernadas et al., 2014).

Source

Several cultivars of the indica group III subpopulation, such as ATT_CHHMOUS (IRIS_313-12142, acc. ERS469234), PAWNG_AEW_1 (IRIS_313-11508, acc. ERS468716), KHAO_SAHKORN (IRIS_313-11707, acc. ERS468944), and KYUN_TAW_SEIN (IRIS_313-11543, acc. ERS468742) (Shafique et al., 2024).

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Sequenced (Shafique et al., 2024).

Molecular markers

InDel (Shafique et al., 2024).

Brief description

Recessive loss-of-susceptibility-type of resistance. OsSULTR3;6 has been described as a sulfate transporter (Cernadas et al., 2014). In compatible interactions, this gene is induced by TAL effectors, such as TalBF (Tal2gBLS256 /Tal5dRS105) (Cernadas et al., 2014; Xu et al., 2021; Shafique et al., 2024).


Resistance gene: //Rxo1//

Synonyms

Rba1.

Source

NA

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped to short arm of maize chromosome 6 (Zhao et al., 2004a). Cloned and sequenced (Zhao et al., 2005).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NB-LRR class protein. Example of how nonhost resistance gene transfer between cereals - from maize to rice - provides resistance against bacterial streak disease (Zhao et al., 2005). Cognate avirulence gene: avrRxo1 (Zhao et al., 2004b).


Resistance gene: //Xo1//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Heirloom rice variety Carolina Gold Select.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (Triplett et al., 2016). Cloned (Read et al., 2020).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

NB-LRR class protein with a zinc finger BED domain (Read et al., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes.


Resistance gene: //Xo2//

Synonyms

NA

Source

Cultivar BHADOIA 303 (X455) from Bangladesh.

Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced)

Mapped on chromosome 2 (Chen et al., 2022).

Molecular markers

NA

Brief description

Candidate gene: Osa002T0115800 (Chen et al., 2022).


References

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Antony G, Zhou J, Huang S, Li T, Liu B, White F, Yang B (2010). Rice xa13 recessive resistance to bacterial blight is defeated by induction of the disease susceptibility gene Os-11N3. Plant Cell 22: 3864-3876. DOI: 10.1105/tpc.110.078964

Babbar A, Rawat N, Kaur P, Singh N, Lore JS, Vikal Y, Neelam K (2024). Precision mapping and expression analysis of recessive bacterial blight resistance gene xa-45(t) from Oryza glaberrima. Mol. Biol. Rep. 51: 626. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-024-09573-8

Bao S, Tan M, Lin X (2010). Genetic mapping of a bacterial blight resistance gene Xa14 in rice. Acta Agronomica Sin. 36: 422-427.

Busungu C, Taura S, Sakagami JI, Anai T, Ichitani K (2018). High-resolution mapping and characterization of xa42, a resistance gene against multiple Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae races in rice (Oryza sativa L.). Breed. Sci. 68: 188-199. DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.17094

Busungu C, Taura S, Sakagami JI, Ichitani K (2016). Identification and linkage analysis of a new rice bacterial blight resistance gene from XM14, a mutant line from IR24. Breed. Sci. 66: 636-645. DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.16062

Cernadas RA, Doyle EL, Niño-Liu DO, Wilkins KE, Bancroft T, Wang L, Schmidt CL, Caldo R, Yang B, White FF, Nettleton D, Wise RP, Bogdanove AJ (2014). Code-assisted discovery of TAL effector targets in bacterial leaf streak of rice reveals contrast with bacterial blight and a novel susceptibility gene. PLoS Pathog. 10: e1003972. DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1003972

Cheema KK, Grewal NK, Vikal Y, Sharma R, Lore JS, Das A, Bhatia D, Mahajan R, Gupta V, Bharaj TS, Singh K (2008). A novel bacterial blight resistance gene from Oryza nivara mapped to 38 Kb region on chromosome 4L and transferred to Oryza sativa L. Genet. Res. 90: 397-407. DOI: 10.1017/S0016672308009786

Chen S, Feng A, Wang C, Zhao J, Feng J, Chen B, Yang J, Wang W, Zhang M, Chen K, Chen W, Su J, Liu B, Zhu X (2022). Identification and fine-mapping of Xo2, a novel rice bacterial leaf streak resistance gene. Theor. Appl. Genet. 135: 3195-3209. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-022-04179-9

Chen X, Liu P, Mei L, He X, Chen L, Liu H, Shen S, Ji Z, Zheng X, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Zeng D, Qian Q, Ma B (2021). Xa7, a new executor R gene that confers durable and broad-spectrum resistance to bacteria-blight disease in rice. Plant Commun. 2: 100143. DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2021.100143

Chen S, Wang C, Yang J, Chen B, Wang W, Su J, Feng A, Zeng L, Zhu X (2020). Identification of the novel bacterial blight resistance gene Xa46 (t) by mapping and expression analysis of the rice mutant H120. Sci. Rep. 10: 12642. DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-69639-y

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Zhao BY, Ardales E, Brasset E, Claflin LE, Leach JE, Hulbert SH (2004a). The Rxo1 / Rba1 locus of maize controls resistance reactions to pathogenic and non-host bacteria. Theor. Appl. Genet. 109: 71-79. DOI: 10.1007/s00122-004-1623-y

Zhao B, Ardales EY, Raymundo A, Bai J, Trick HN, Leach JE, Hulbert SH (2004b). The avrRxo1 gene from the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzicola confers a nonhost defense reaction on maize with resistance gene Rxo1. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 17: 771-779. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI.2004.17.7.771

Zhao B, Lin X, Poland J, Trick H, Leach J, Hulbert S (2005). A maize resistance gene functions against bacterial streak disease in rice. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102: 15383-15388. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.0503023102

Zheng CK, Wang CL, Yu YJ, Liang YT, Zhao KJ (2009). Identification and molecular mapping of Xa32(t), a novel resistance gene for bacterial blight (Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae) in rice. Acta Agr. Sin. 35: 1173-1180. DOI: 10.1016/S1875-2780(08)60089-9

Zhou J, Peng Z, Long J, Sosso D, Liu B, Eom JS, Huang S, Liu S, Vera Cruz C, Frommer WB, White FF, Yang B (2015). Gene targeting by the TAL effector PthXo2 reveals cryptic resistance gene for bacterial blight of rice. Plant J. 82: 632-643. DOI: 10.1111/tpj.12838

Zou H, Zhao W, Zhang X, Han Y, Zou L, Chen G (2010). Identification of an avirulence gene, avrxa5, from the rice pathogen Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae. Sci. China Life Sci. 53: 1440-1449. DOI: 978-3-319-45021-6_20/s11427- 010-4109-y


Further reading

Bag MK, Raghu S, Banerjee A, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Baite MS, Yadav M (2023). Durable resistance of rice to major and emerging diseases: current status. The Open Agricultural. J. 17:e187433152212301. Publisher ID: e187433152212301. DOI: 10.2174/18743315-v17-e20230109-2022-HT14-3623-6

Chukwu SC, Rafii MY, Ramlee SI, Ismail SI, Hasan MM, Oladosu YA, Magaji UG, Akos I, Olalekan KK (2019). Bacterial leaf blight resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approach. Mol. Biol. Rep. 46: 1519-1532. DOI: 10.1007/s11033-019-04584-2

Ercoli MF, Luu DD, Rim EY, Shigenaga A, Teixeira de Araujo A Jr, Chern M, Jain R, Ruan R, Joe A, Stewart V, Ronald P (2022). Plant immunity: Rice XA21-mediated resistance to bacterial infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 119: e2121568119. DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2121568119

Fang Y, Ding D, Gu Y, Jia Q, Zheng Q, Qian Q, Wang Y, Rao Y, Mao Y (2023). Identification of QTLs conferring resistance to bacterial diseases in rice. Plants (Basel) 12: 2853. DOI: 10.3390/plants12152853

Helliwell EE, Yang Y (2013). Molecular strategies to improve rice disease resistance. Methods Mol. Biol. 956: 285-309. DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-194-3_21

Hu KM, Qiu DY, Shen XL, Li XH, Wang SP (2008). Isolation and manipulation of quantitative trait loci for disease resistance in rice using a candidate gene approach. Mol. Plant 1: 786-793. DOI: 10.1093/mp/ssn039

Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, McCouch SR (2007). Recessive resistance genes and the Oryza sativa-Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae pathosystem. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20: 731-739. DOI: 10.1094/MPMI-20-7-0731

Ji Z, Wang C, Zhao K (2018). Rice routes of countering Xanthomonas oryzae. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 3008. DOI: 10.3390/ijms19103008

Jiang N, Fu J, Zeng Q, Liang Y, Shi Y, Li Z, Xiao Y, He Z, Wu Y, Long Y, Wang K, Yang Y, Liu X, Peng J (2021). Genome-wide association mapping for resistance to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak in rice. Planta 253: 94. DOI: 10.1007/s00425-021-03612-5

Jiang N, Yan J, Liang Y, Shi Y, He Z, Wu Y, Zeng Q, Liu X, Peng J (2020). Resistance genes and their interactions with bacterial blight/leaf streak pathogens (Xanthomonas oryzae) in rice (Oryza sativa L.) - an updated review. Rice (N Y) 13: 3. DOI: 10.1186/s12284-019-0358-y

Joshi JB, Arul L, Ramalingam J, Uthandi S (2020). Advances in the Xoo-rice pathosystem interaction and its exploitation in disease management. J. Biosci. 45: 112. DOI: 10.1007/s12038-020-00085-8

Li J, Shi X, Wang C, Li Q, Lu J, Zeng D, Xie J, Shi Y, Zhai W, Zhou Y (2023). Genome-wide association study identifies resistance loci for bacterial blight in a collection of Asian temperate Japonica rice germplasm. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24: 8810. DOI: 10.3390/ijms24108810

Liu W, Liu J, Triplett L, Leach JE, Wang GL (2014). Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 52: 213-241. DOI: 10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926

Liu Z, Zhu Y, Shi H, Qiu J, Ding X, Kou Y (2021). Recent progress in rice broad-spectrum disease resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22:11658. DOI: 10.3390/ijms222111658

Park CJ, Han SW, Chen X, Ronald PC (2010). Elucidation of XA21-mediated innate immunity. Cell. Microbiol. 12: 1017-1025. DOI: 10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01489.x

Sanya DRA, Syed-Ab-Rahman SF, Jia A, Onésime D, Kim KM, Ahohuendo BC, Rohr JR (2022). A review of approaches to control bacterial leaf blight in rice. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 113. DOI: 10.1007/s11274-022-03298-1

Sharma R, De Vleesschauwer D, Sharma MK, Ronald PC (2013). Recent advances in dissecting stress-regulatory crosstalk in rice. Mol. Plant 6: 250-260. DOI: 10.1093/mp/sss147

Takatsuji H (2014). Development of disease-resistant rice using regulatory components of induced disease resistance. Front. Plant Sci. 5: 630. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2014.00630

Vemanna RS, Bakade R, Bharti P, Kumar MKP, Sreeman SM, Senthil-Kumar M, Makarla U (2019). Cross-talk signaling in rice during combined drought and bacterial blight stress. Front. Plant Sci. 10: 193. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2019.00193

Verdier V, Vera Cruz C, Leach JE (2012). Controlling rice bacterial blight in Africa: needs and prospects. J. Biotechnol. 159: 320-328. DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.020

Yang Y, Zhou Y, Sun J, Liang W, Chen X, Wang X, Zhou J, Yu C, Wang J, Wu S, Yao X, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Yan C, Zheng B, Chen J (2022). Research progress on cloning and function of Xa genes against rice bacterial blight. Front. Plant Sci. 13: 847199. DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.847199

Zhang B, Han X, Yuan W, Zhang H (2022). TALEs as double-edged swords in plant-pathogen interactions: Progress, challenges, and perspectives. Plant Commun. 3: 100318. DOI: 10.1016/j.xplc.2022.100318

Zhang H, Wang S (2013). Rice versus Xanthomonas oryzae pv. oryzae: a unique pathosystem. Curr. Opin. Plant Biol. 16: 188-195. DOI: 10.1016/j.pbi.2013.02.008

Zhu X, Chen L, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang H, Li Z, Pan Y, Wang X (2023). Genetic-based dissection of resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice by GWAS. BMC Plant Biol. 23: 396. DOI: 10.1186/s12870-023-04412-7


Acknowledgements

This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).