====== Plant Resistance Genes in Rice (//Oryza// spp.) against //Xanthomonas// Infection ======

Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralf_Koebnik|Ralf Koebnik]]\\
Internal reviewer:\\
Expert reviewer: **WANTED!**

**Additional information on rice resistance genes can be found at the [[https://shigen.nig.ac.jp/rice/oryzabase/|Oryzabase]] database (Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006).**

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// =====

==== Resistance gene: //Xa1// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Temperate //japonica// rice cultivar Kogyoku from Japan (Sakaguchi, 1967).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Sakaguchi, 1967). Cloned and sequenced (Yoshimura //et al//., 1998).
=== Molecular markers ===

RAPD markers (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995).
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein (Yoshimura //et al//., 1998). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al.//, 2016; Read //et al.//, 2016).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa1/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa2// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Te-tep from Vietnam (Sakaguchi, 1967).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (He //et al//., 2006). Cloned and sequenced (Ji //et al//., 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (He //et al//., 2006).
=== Brief description ===

Allelic to //Xa1// (Ji //et al.//, 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al.//, 2016; Read //et al.//, 2016).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa3// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa-w// (Ezuka //et al//., 1975).
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Wase Aikoku 3 from Japan (Ezuka //et al//., 1975). Other cultivars: Chugoku 45 (Ogawa //et al//., 1986a), Java 14 (Ogawa //et al//., 1986a).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Yoshimura //et al//., 1992). Cloned and sequenced (Sun //et al//., 2004; Xiang //et al//., 2006).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP marker (Yoshimura //et al//., 1995), PCR-based SNP markers (Hur //et al//., 2013).
=== Brief description ===

Allelic to //Xa6// (Ogawa //et al//., 1986b); allelic to //Xa26// (Xiang //et al//., 2006); NB-LRR class protein. Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa3// (Li //et al.//, 2004).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa26~Xa3/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa4// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice accession TKM 6 from India. Other accessions: IR 20, IR 22.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Wang //et al.//, 2001; Sun //et al.//, 2003). Cloned and sequenced (Hu //et al.//, 2017).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Wall-associated kinase (WAK) (Hu //et al.//, 2017).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa4/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa5// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession DZ192 from Bangladesh. Other accessions: DV85, DV86, DZ78.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 5. Cloned and sequenced (Iyer & McCouch, 2004).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

TFIIAγ5 transcription factor (Iyer & McCouch, 2004; Jiang //et al.//, 2006). Direct interaction of several TALEs with TFIIAγ5 is required for activation of disease susceptibility genes (Yuan //et al.//, 2016). Suppression or mutation of TFIIAγ5 can also reduce bacterial streak, another disease of rice caused by TALE-carrying //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// (Yuan //et al.//, 2016). Cognate avirulence genes: //avrxa5//, //pthXo6//, //pthXo7// (Sugio //et al.//, 2007; Zou //et al.//, 2010).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa5/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa6// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Zenith from U.S.A.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Sidhu //et al.//, 1978).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa7// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession DZ78 from Bangladesh. Other accessions: DV85, DV86.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Sidhu //et al.//, 1978). Mapped on chromosome 6 (Lee & Khush, 2000; Porter //et al.//, 2003). Cloned & sequenced (Chen //et al.//, 2021; Luo //et al.//, 2021).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Cognate avirulence genes: //avrXa7//, //pthXo3// (Hopkins //et al.//, 1992; Yang //et al.//, 2000; Yang & White, 2004). The transcription activator-like effector (TALE) AvrXa7 in //Xoo// strains binds directly to the effector-binding element (EBE) in the promoter of the //Xa7// gene (He //et al.//, 2024). Other executor //R// genes (//Xa10//, //Xa23//, and //Xa27//) driven by the promoter of the //Xa7// gene could be activated by AvrXa7 and trigger the hypersensitive response (HR) in tobacco leaves (He //et al.//, 2024).

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa8// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession PI231129 from U.S.A.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Sidhu //et al.//, 1978). Mapped on chromosome 7 (Singh //et al.//, 2002).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa9// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Khao Lay Nhay from Laos. Other rice cultivar: Sateng.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Singh //et al.//, 1983; Ogawa //et al.//, 1988).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa10// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession Cas 209 from Senegal. Xa10-like genes in rice cultivar Nipponbare (Wang //et al.//, 2017).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Yoshimura //et al.//, 1983). Cloned and sequenced (Tian //et al.//, 2014).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

The TAL effector-dependent resistance protein XA10 triggers cell death and calcium depletion in the endoplasmic reticulum (Tian //et al.//, 2014). The predicted membrane protein shares 50% sequence identity with the executor R protein XA23 (Wang //et al.//, 2015). Induction of //Xa10//-like genes in the rice cultivar Nipponbare confers disease resistance to bacterial blight (Wang //et al.//, 2017). Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa10//.
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/XA10/|FunRiceGenes]]. Nipponbare: [[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa10-Ni/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa11// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice accessions IR8 and IR944 from the Philippines.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 3 (Mew, 1987).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa12// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Temperate //japonica// rice cultivar Kogyoku from Japan. Other cultivars: Te-tep, Java-14.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Mew, 1987).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa13// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Os-11N8//, //OsSWEET11//.
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar BJ1 from India. Other cultivar: Chinsurah Boro II.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 8 (Chu //et al.//, 2006). Cloned and sequenced (Yang //et al.//, 2006; Yuan //et al.//, 2009).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

SWEET-type protein. The XA13 protein may cooperate with two other proteins, COPT1 and COPT5, to promote removal of copper from xylem vessels (Yuan //et al.//, 2010). Cognate avirulence gene: //pthXo1// (Yang //et al.//, 2006).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa14// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice accession TN1 from Taiwan.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Bao //et al.//, 2010). Cloned and sequenced (Ji //et al//., 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Allelic to //Xa1// (Ji //et al.//, 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al.//, 2016; Read //et al.//, 2016).

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa15// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM41 mutant.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

//NA// (Nakai //et al.//, 1988; Gnanamanickam //et al.//, 1999).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa16// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Te-tep from Vietnam.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa17// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa1-as(t)//.
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Asominori from South Korea.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 4 (Endo //et al.//, 2009, 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===

Ph phenol reaction, which turns rice seeds soaked in phenol solution dark brown; blast resistance gene //Pias(t)//; DNA markers (Ise //et al.//, 1998; Endo //et al.//, 2009, 2012).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa18// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice accession IR24 from the Philippines and //japonica// rice cultivar Toyonishiki from Japan. Other cultivar: Miyang23.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Liu //et al.//, 2004; Kurata & Yamazaki, 2006)
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa19// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM5 (mutant of IR24).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Taura //et al.//, 1991).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa20// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM6 (mutant of IR24).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Taura //et al.//, 1992).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa21// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza longistaminata// line from Mali.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Ronald //et al.//, 1992). Cloned and sequenced (Song //et al.//, 1995).
=== Molecular markers ===

RAPD and RFLP markers (Ronald //et al.//, 1992). Intragenic AFLP marker (Nanayakkara //et al.//, 2020).
=== Brief description ===

Cognate avirulence gene: //raxX// (Pruitt //et al.//, 2015).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/xa21/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa22// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Zhachanglong (ZCL) from China.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lin //et al.//, 1996). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Lin //et al.//, 1996; Wang //et al.//, 2003; Sun //et al.//, 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa23// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza rufipogon// accession RBB16.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Zhang //et al.//, 1994). Mapped on chromosome 11 (Zhang //et al.//, 1998; Zhang //et al.//, 2001). Cloned and sequenced (Wang //et al.//, 2015).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Zhang //et al.//, 1998).
=== Brief description ===

113-amino acid protein that shares 50% sequence identity with the executor R protein XA10 (Wang //et al.//, 2015). Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa23//.
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/XA23/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa24(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice varieties DV85, DV86, Aus 295.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Khush & Angeles, 1999). Mapped on chromosome 2 (Lee & Khush, 2000).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa25// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//OsSWEET13//.
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Minghui (Chen //et al.//, 2002) and its somaclonal mutant HX-3 (Gao //et al.//, 2001; Gao & Sun, 2003) from China.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Gao //et al.//, 2001; Chen //et al.//, 2002). Mapped on centromeric region of chromosome 12 (Chen //et al.//, 2002; Liu //et al.//, 2011). Cloned and sequenced (Liu //et al.//, 2011).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Chen //et al.//, 2002).
=== Brief description ===

SWEET-type protein (Liu //et al.//, 2011). Phenomenon of dominance reversal; heterozygous plants are susceptible at an early developmental stage but resistant at a late developmental stage (Liu //et al.//, 2011). Cognate avirulence gene: //pthXo2// (Zhou //et al.//, 2015).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa25~OsSWEET13/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa26// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa3//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Minghui 63 from China.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the terminal region of the long arm of chromosome 11 (Yang //et al.//, 2003). Cloned and sequenced (Sun //et al.//, 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP and SSR markers (Yang //et al.//, 2003).
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein (Sun //et al.//, 2004).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa26~Xa3/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa26(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Nep Bha Bong To from Vietnam.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lee //et al.//, 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa27(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Arai Raj from Bangladesh.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lee //et al.//, 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa27// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza minuta// (acc. no. 101141).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Amante-Bordeos //et al.//, 1992). Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6 (Gu //et al.//, 2004). Cloned and sequenced (Gu //et al.//, 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

AFLP, RAPD and RFLP markers (Gu //et al.//, 2004).
=== Brief description ===

Cognate avirulence gene: //avrXa27// (Gu //et al.//, 2005).
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa27/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa28(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice cultivar Lota Sail from Bangladesh.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Lee //et al.//, 2003).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa29(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza officinalis// (B5).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 1 (Tan //et al.//, 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa30(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza rufipogon// (Y238).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Tan //et al.//, 2004).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa31// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Japonica// rice cultivar Zhachanglong (ZCL) from China.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified and mapped on chromosome 4 (Wang //et al.//, 2009). Cloned and sequenced (Ji //et al//., 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Identical to //Xa2// and allelic to //Xa1// (Ji //et al.//, 2020). NB-LRR class protein (Ji //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes. Neutralized by interfering TAL effectors, so-called iTALEs or truncTALEs (Ji //et al.//, 2016; Read //et al.//, 2016).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa32(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza australiensis// accession C4064.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified and mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Zheng //et al.//, 2009).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR and EST markers (Zheng //et al.//, 2009).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa33(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Indica// rice cultivar Ba7 from Thailand.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 6 (Korinsak //et al.//, 2009; Natraj Kumar //et al.//, 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Korinsak //et al.//, 2009).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa34(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza brachyantha// (acc. no. 101232).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Ram //et al.//, 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa35(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza minuta// (acc. no. 101133) from the Philippines.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Guo //et al.//, 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa36(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

Rice accession C4059 from China.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Miao //et al.//, 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa37(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//NA//
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified.

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa38// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Xa30(t)//
=== Source ===

//Oryza nivara// IRGC81825.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Kaur //et al.//, 2006). Mapped on long arm of chromosome 4 (Cheema //et al.//, 2008).
=== Molecular markers ===

SSR markers (Cheema //et al.//, 2008).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa39// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

FF329.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Zhang //et al.//, 2014).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa40(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR65482-7-216-1-2.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim //et al.//, 2015).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa41(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Os-11N3//, //OsSWEET14//.
=== Source ===

Severel accessions of //Oryza glaberrima// and //Oryza barthii//.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Cloned and sequenced (Hutin //et al.//, 2015).
=== Molecular markers ===

Intragenic AFLP marker (Hutin //et al.//, 2015).
=== Brief description ===

SWEET-type protein. Cognate avirulence genes: //pthXo3//, //avrXa7//, //talC//, //tal5// (Antony //et al.//, 2010; Yu //et al.//, 2011; Streubel et al., 2013).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa42(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

XM14 (mutant of IR24).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 3 (Busungu //et al.//, 2016, 2018; Lian //et al.//, 2017).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa43(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR36 (P8).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim & Reinke, 2019).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa43(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

ZhangPu wild rice (//Oryza rufipogon//).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Huang //et al.//, 2023).
=== Molecular markers ===

Inde1-18 (Huang //et al.//, 2023).
=== Brief description ===

Use a map-based approach, a QTL/gene, //Xa43(t),// was identified in ZhangPu wild rice, which was highly resistant to the bacterial blight isolate PXO99. The candidate gene of //Xa43(t)// did not affect the main agronomic traits of rice.

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa44(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR73571-3B-11-3-K3 (P6).

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Kim, 2018).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //xa45(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Oryza glaberrima// accession IRGC 102600B.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Neelam //et al.//, 2020). Mapped on chromosome 8 (Babbar //et al.//, 2024).
=== Molecular markers ===

Indel marker at the locus LOC_Os08g42410 (Babbar //et al.//, 2024).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa46(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//NA//
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 11 (Chen //et al.//, 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//
=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa46(t)/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa47// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

G252 rice line, a BC<sub>2</sub> F<sub>16</sub> generation material of the Yuanjiang common wild rice infiltration line (//Oryza rufipogon//) (Xing //et al.//, 2021; Lu //et al.//, 2022).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified and mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11 (Xing //et al.//, 2021). Cloned and sequenced (Lu //et al.//, 2022).
=== Molecular markers ===

Available (Xing //et al.//, 2021; Lu //et al.//, 2022).
=== Brief description ===

Members of the nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat containing protein (NLR) family.

=== Other resources ===

[[https://funricegenes.github.io/Xa47/|FunRiceGenes]].

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xa48(t)// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

IR 75084-15-3-B-B (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Sinha //et al.//, 2021). Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 11, clones and sequenced (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).
=== Molecular markers ===

Available, e.g., a PCR-based INDEL marker (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).
=== Brief description ===

NB-ARC domain-containing protein (Sinha //et al.//, 2023).

----

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// =====

==== Resistance gene: //OsSULTR3;6// ====

Synonyms

//Os01g52130// (Cernadas //et al.//, 2014).
=== Source ===

Several cultivars of the indica group III subpopulation, such as ATT_CHHMOUS (IRIS_313-12142, acc. ERS469234), PAWNG_AEW_1 (IRIS_313-11508, acc. ERS468716), KHAO_SAHKORN (IRIS_313-11707, acc. ERS468944), and KYUN_TAW_SEIN (IRIS_313-11543, acc. ERS468742) (Shafique //et al.//, 2024).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Sequenced (Shafique //et al.//, 2024).
=== Molecular markers ===

InDel (Shafique //et al.//, 2024).
=== Brief description ===

Recessive loss-of-susceptibility-type of resistance. OsSULTR3;6 has been described as a sulfate transporter (Cernadas //et al.//, 2014). In compatible interactions, this gene is induced by TAL effectors, such as TalBF (Tal2g<sub>BLS256</sub> /Tal5d<sub>RS105</sub>) (Cernadas //et al.//, 2014; Xu //et al.//, 2021; Shafique //et al.//, 2024).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Rxo1// ====

Synonyms

//Rba1//.
=== Source ===

//NA//
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped to short arm of maize chromosome 6 (Zhao //et al.//, 2004a). Cloned and sequenced (Zhao //et al.//, 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein. Example of how nonhost resistance gene transfer between cereals - from maize to rice - provides resistance against bacterial streak disease (Zhao //et al.//, 2005). Cognate avirulence gene: //avrRxo1// (Zhao //et al.//, 2004b).

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xo1// ====

Synonyms

//NA//
=== Source ===

Heirloom rice variety Carolina Gold Select.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on the long arm of chromosome 4 (Triplett //et al.//, 2016). Cloned (Read //et al.//, 2020).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

NB-LRR class protein with a zinc finger BED domain (Read //et al//., 2020). Cognate avirulence genes: TAL effector genes.

----

==== Resistance gene: //Xo2// ====

Synonyms

//NA//
=== Source ===

Cultivar BHADOIA 303 (X455) from Bangladesh.

=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 2 (Chen //et al.//, 2022).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

Candidate gene: //Osa002T0115800// (Chen //et al//., 2022).

----

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===== Further reading =====

Bag MK, Raghu S, Banerjee A, Prabhukarthikeyan SR, Baite MS, Yadav M (2023). Durable resistance of rice to major and emerging diseases: current status. The Open Agricultural. J. 17:e187433152212301. Publisher ID: [[https://openagriculturejournal.com/VOLUME/17/ELOCATOR/e187433152212301/FULLTEXT/|e187433152212301]]. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.2174/18743315-v17-e20230109-2022-HT14-3623-6|10.2174/18743315-v17-e20230109-2022-HT14-3623-6]]

Chukwu SC, Rafii MY, Ramlee SI, Ismail SI, Hasan MM, Oladosu YA, Magaji UG, Akos I, Olalekan KK (2019). Bacterial leaf blight resistance in rice: a review of conventional breeding to molecular approach. Mol. Biol. Rep. 46: 1519-1532. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11033-019-04584-2|10.1007/s11033-019-04584-2]]

Ercoli MF, Luu DD, Rim EY, Shigenaga A, Teixeira de Araujo A Jr, Chern M, Jain R, Ruan R, Joe A, Stewart V, Ronald P (2022). Plant immunity: Rice XA21-mediated resistance to bacterial infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 119: e2121568119. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2121568119|10.1073/pnas.2121568119]]

Fang Y, Ding D, Gu Y, Jia Q, Zheng Q, Qian Q, Wang Y, Rao Y, Mao Y (2023). Identification of QTLs conferring resistance to bacterial diseases in rice. Plants (Basel) 12: 2853. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/plants12152853|10.3390/plants12152853]]

Helliwell EE, Yang Y (2013). Molecular strategies to improve rice disease resistance. Methods Mol. Biol. 956: 285-309. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/978-1-62703-194-3_21|10.1007/978-1-62703-194-3_21]]

Hu KM, Qiu DY, Shen XL, Li XH, Wang SP (2008). Isolation and manipulation of quantitative trait loci for disease resistance in rice using a candidate gene approach. Mol. Plant 1: 786-793. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/ssn039|10.1093/mp/ssn039]]

Iyer-Pascuzzi AS, McCouch SR (2007). Recessive resistance genes and the //Oryza sativa//-//Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// pathosystem. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 20: 731-739. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-20-7-0731|10.1094/MPMI-20-7-0731]]

Ji Z, Wang C, Zhao K (2018). Rice routes of countering //Xanthomonas oryzae//. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 19: 3008. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms19103008|10.3390/ijms19103008]]

Jiang N, Fu J, Zeng Q, Liang Y, Shi Y, Li Z, Xiao Y, He Z, Wu Y, Long Y, Wang K, Yang Y, Liu X, Peng J (2021). Genome-wide association mapping for resistance to bacterial blight and bacterial leaf streak in rice. Planta 253: 94. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00425-021-03612-5|10.1007/s00425-021-03612-5]]

Jiang N, Yan J, Liang Y, Shi Y, He Z, Wu Y, Zeng Q, Liu X, Peng J (2020). Resistance genes and their interactions with bacterial blight/leaf streak pathogens (//Xanthomonas oryzae//) in rice (//Oryza sativa// L.) - an updated review. Rice (N Y) 13: 3. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12284-019-0358-y|10.1186/s12284-019-0358-y]]

Joshi JB, Arul L, Ramalingam J, Uthandi S (2020). Advances in the //Xoo//-rice pathosystem interaction and its exploitation in disease management. J. Biosci. 45: 112. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s12038-020-00085-8|10.1007/s12038-020-00085-8]]

Li J, Shi X, Wang C, Li Q, Lu J, Zeng D, Xie J, Shi Y, Zhai W, Zhou Y (2023). Genome-wide association study identifies resistance loci for bacterial blight in a collection of Asian temperate //Japonica// rice germplasm. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 24: 8810. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms24108810|10.3390/ijms24108810]]

Liu W, Liu J, Triplett L, Leach JE, Wang GL (2014). Novel insights into rice innate immunity against bacterial and fungal pathogens. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 52: 213-241. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926|10.1146/annurev-phyto-102313-045926]]

Liu Z, Zhu Y, Shi H, Qiu J, Ding X, Kou Y (2021). Recent progress in rice broad-spectrum disease resistance. Int. J. Mol. Sci. 22:11658. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms222111658|10.3390/ijms222111658]]

Park CJ, Han SW, Chen X, Ronald PC (2010). Elucidation of XA21-mediated innate immunity. Cell. Microbiol. 12: 1017-1025. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01489.x|10.1111/j.1462-5822.2010.01489.x]]

Sanya DRA, Syed-Ab-Rahman SF, Jia A, Onésime D, Kim KM, Ahohuendo BC, Rohr JR (2022). A review of approaches to control bacterial leaf blight in rice. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 38: 113. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-022-03298-1|10.1007/s11274-022-03298-1]]

Sharma R, De Vleesschauwer D, Sharma MK, Ronald PC (2013). Recent advances in dissecting stress-regulatory crosstalk in rice. Mol. Plant 6: 250-260. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/mp/sss147|10.1093/mp/sss147]]

Takatsuji H (2014). Development of disease-resistant rice using regulatory components of induced disease resistance. Front. Plant Sci. 5: 630. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2014.00630|10.3389/fpls.2014.00630]]

Vemanna RS, Bakade R, Bharti P, Kumar MKP, Sreeman SM, Senthil-Kumar M, Makarla U (2019). Cross-talk signaling in rice during combined drought and bacterial blight stress. Front. Plant Sci. 10: 193. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2019.00193|10.3389/fpls.2019.00193]]

Verdier V, Vera Cruz C, Leach JE (2012). Controlling rice bacterial blight in Africa: needs and prospects. J. Biotechnol. 159: 320-328. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.020|10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.09.020]]

Yang Y, Zhou Y, Sun J, Liang W, Chen X, Wang X, Zhou J, Yu C, Wang J, Wu S, Yao X, Zhou Y, Zhu J, Yan C, Zheng B, Chen J (2022). Research progress on cloning and function of //Xa// genes against rice bacterial blight. Front. Plant Sci. 13: 847199. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.847199|10.3389/fpls.2022.847199]]

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Zhu X, Chen L, Zhang Z, Li J, Zhang H, Li Z, Pan Y, Wang X (2023). Genetic-based dissection of resistance to bacterial leaf streak in rice by GWAS. BMC Plant Biol. 23: 396. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/s12870-023-04412-7|10.1186/s12870-023-04412-7]]

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===== Acknowledgements =====

This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).