====== Plant Resistance Genes in //Fagales// spp. against //Xanthomonas// Infection ======

Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jaroslav_Michalko|Jaroslav Michalko]]\\
Internal reviewer: Vito Montilon

====== Hazelnut (//Corylus avellana// L.) ======

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas arboricola// pv. //corylina// =====

No resistance genes identified in hazelnut to date (Frutos, 2010; Lamichane & Varvaro, 2014). Problems on selection of varieties resistant to //X. arboricola// pv. //corylina// attacks (Avanzato //et al//., 2009). Existence of hazelnut cultivars with a low susceptibility level to //X. arboricola// pv. //corylina// (Prunier //et al//., 1976); some cultivars seem to be more tolerant than others, but no real resistance has been found (Frutos, 2010).

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====== Walnut (//Juglans regia //L.) ======

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas arboricola// pv. //juglandis// =====

No resistance genes identified in walnut to date (Frutos //et al//., 2010; Lamichane, 2014; Jiang //et al//., 2019). Existence of some important accessions of Walnut //Juglans regia// with some levels of resistance to //X. arboricola //pv. //juglandis// (Lamichhane, 2014). A polyphenol oxidase enzyme was however shown to be associated with tolerance to //Brenneria rubifaciens//, //Brenneria nigrifluens//, and //X. arboricola// pv. //juglandis// (Frutos //et al.//, 2010; see entry below).
==== Resistance gene: //jrPP01// (tolerance gene) ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Juglans regia// (Frutos //et al.//, 2010).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Sequenced (GenBank [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/ACN86310.1|ACN86310.1]]; Martínez‐García //et al//., 2016).
=== Molecular markers ===

Gene-specific PCR primers (JrPPO1-F-cd and JrPPO1-R-cd) (Martínez‐García //et al//., 2016).
=== Brief description ===

Encodes a polyphenol oxidase enzyme (jrPPO) expressed in the leaves, hulls and flowers of the host (Escobar //et al//., 2008).

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===== References =====

Avanzato D, Vaccaro A, Bevilacqua D (2009). A short review of nut industry in EU. Acta Hort. 825: 41-48. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.825.3|10.17660/ActaHortic.2009.825.3]]

Escobar MA, Shilling A, Higgins P, Uratsu SL, Dandekar AM (2008). Characterization of polyphenol oxidase from walnut. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 133: 852-858. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.133.6.852|10.21273/JASHS.133.6.852]]

Frutos D (2010). Bacterial diseases of walnut and hazelnut and genetic resources. J. Plant Pathol. 92: S1.79-S1.85. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.2307/41998759|10.2307/41998759]]

Jiang S, Han S, He D, Cao G, Zhang F, Wan X (2019). Evaluating walnut (//Juglans// spp.) for resistance to walnut blight and comparisons between artificial inoculation assays and field studies. Australasian Plant Pathol. 48: 221-231. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s13313-019-0621-0|10.1007/s13313-019-0621-0]]

Lamichhane JR (2014). //Xanthomonas arboricola// diseases of stone fruit, almond, and walnut trees: progress toward understanding and management. Plant Disease 98: 1600-1610. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-08-14-0831-FE|10.1094/PDIS-08-14-0831-FE]]

Lamichhane JR, Varvaro L (2014). //Xanthomonas arboricola// disease of hazelnut: current status and future perspectives for its management. Plant Pathol. 63: 243-254. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12152|10.1111/ppa.12152]].

Martínez-García PJ, Crepeau MW, Puiu D, Gonzalez-Ibeas D, Whalen J, Stevens KA, Paul R, Butterfield TS, Britton MT, Reagan RL, Chakraborty S, Walawage SL, Vasquez-Gross HA, Cardeno C, Famula RA, Pratt K, Kuruganti S, Aradhya MK, Leslie CA, Dandekar AM, Salzberg SL, Wegrzyn JL, Langley CH, Neale DB (2016). The walnut (//Juglans regia//) genome sequence reveals diversity in genes coding for the biosynthesis of non‐structural polyphenols. Plant J. 87: 507-532. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.13207|10.1111/tpj.13207]]

Prunier JP, Luisetti J, Gardan L, Germain E, Sarraquin E (1976). La bactériose du noisetier (//Xanthomonas corylina//). Pépinièristes Horticulteurs Maraîchers 170: 31-40.

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===== Acknowledgements =====

This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).