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====== Plant Resistance Genes in Cotton (//Gossypium// L. spp.) against //Xanthomonas// Infection ======

Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Abdel_Rahman_Al_Tawaha|Abdel Rahman Mohammad Al Tawaha]] & [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Vito-Montilon|Vito Montilon]]\\
Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Cristina-Cameirao|Cristina Cameirão]]

===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas citri// pv. //malvacearum// =====

==== Resistance gene: //B1// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Uganda B31 (Knight & Clouston, 1939).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight & Clouston, 1939).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B2// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Uganda B31 (Knight & Clouston, 1939); //Gossypium punctatum// (Jalloul //et al//., 2015).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 20 (Delannoy //et al//., 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Delannoy //et al//., 2005; Wright //et al.//,1998).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B3// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// var. //punctatum// cultivar Schroeder 1306 (Knight, 1944).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight, 1944).

=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Wright et al.,1998).

=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B4// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium arboreum// cultivar Multani strain NT 12/30 (Knight, 1948)
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight, 1948).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B5// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium barbadense// (Knight, 1950).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight, 1950).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

The locus //B<sub>5</sub> //, when introgressed into the susceptible 'Acala 44' background (Ac//B<sub>5</sub> //), conferred strong and broad-spectrum resistance to bacterial blight (Essenberg //et al//., 2023). Segregation patterns indicated that Ac//B<sub>5</sub> // is likely homozygous for resistance at two loci with partial dominance gene action, and two of the four copies of //B<sub>5</sub> // were required for effective resistance (Essenberg //et al.//, 2023). Contrary to expectations of gene-for-gene theory, Ac//B<sub>5</sub> // conferred high resistance toward isogenic strains of //Xanthomonas citri// pv. //malvacearum// carrying cloned avirulence genes //avrB4//, //avrb7//, //avrBIn//, //avrB101//, and //avrB102//, respectively, and weaker resistance toward the strain carrying cloned //avrb6// (Essenberg //et al.//, 2023). A link between number of //B<sub>5</sub> // alleles, level of resistance and sesquiterpenoid phytoalexin production was established (Essenberg //et al.//, 2023).

----

==== Resistance gene: //B6/////b6// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//B<sub>6m</sub> // (Saunders and Innes, 1963).
=== Source ===

//Gossypium arboreum// cultivar Multani (Jalloul //et al.//, 2015); //Gossypium arboreum// cultivar Multani strain NT 12/30 (Knight, 1953); //Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Mwanza local UKBR61/12 (Innes, 1969).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped: //b<sub>6a</sub> // on LGU01, //b<sub>6b</sub> // on chromosome 5, //b<sub>6c</sub> // on chromosome 20, //b<sub>6d</sub> // on chromosome 14 (Wright //et al.//, 1998; Delannoy //et al.//, 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Wright //et al.//, 1998; Delannoy //et al.//, 2005).
=== Molecular markers ===

Associated to four distinct QTL loci //b<sub>6a</sub> //, //b<sub>6b</sub> //, //b<sub>6c</sub> //, //b<sub>6d</sub> // (Wright //et al.//, 1998).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B7/////b7// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Stoneville 20 (Blank, 1949; Green and Brinkerhoff, 1956).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Blank, 1949).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B8/////b8// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium anomalum// (Knight, 1954).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight, 1954).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B9K// and //B9L// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//B9// (Lagiere, 1958; Knight, 1963).
=== Source ===

//Gossypium herbaceum //cultivar Wagad 8 (Knight, 1963; Innes, 1965a); //Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Allen 51-296 (Lagiere, 1958; Innes, 1965a).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight, 1963; Innes, 1965a).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B10K// and //B10L// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//B10// (Lagiere, 1958; Knight, 1963).
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum //cultivar Kufra Oasis (Knight, 1963; Innes, 1965a); //Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Allen 51-296 (Lagiere, 1958; Innes, 1965a).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Knight, 1963; Innes, 1965a).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B11// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//Bherb// (Innes, 1965b).
=== Source ===

//Gossypium herbaceum// cultivar Wagad 8 (Innes, 1966).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

//NA//
=== Molecular markers ===

Identified (Innes, 1965b).

=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //B12// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar S295 (Wallace //et al//., 1989).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Mapped on chromosome 14 (Delannoy //et al//., 2005; Xiao //et al//., 2010).
=== Molecular markers ===

RFLP markers (Wright //et al//.,1998); SSR and SNP markers (Xiao //et al//., 2010).
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //BIn//, //Bn// and //Bs// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// (Green & Brinkerhoff, 1956); //Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar //Northern Star// (Green & Brinkerhoff, 1956); //Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar //Stormproof 1// (Green & Brinkerhoff, 1956).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Identified (Green & Brinkerhoff, 1956).

=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

==== Resistance gene: //GhNPR1// ====

=== Synonyms ===

//NA//
=== Source ===

//Gossypium hirsutum// cultivar Lumian 22 (Zhang //et al//., 2008).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===

Cloned and sequenced (Zhang //et al//., 2008).
=== Molecular markers ===

//NA//
=== Brief description ===

//NA//

----

===== References =====

Blank LM (1949). Breeding for resistance to bacterial blight of cotton. Phytopathology 39: 494-495.

Delannoy E, Lyon BR, Marmey P, Jalloul A, Daniel JF, Montillet JL, Essenberg M, Nicole M (2005). Resistance of cotton towards //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //malvacearum//. Annu. Rev. Phytopathol. 43: 63-82. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140251|10.1146/annurev.phyto.43.040204.140251]]

Essenberg M, McNally KL, Bayles MB, Pierce ML, Hall JA, Kuss CR, Shevell JL, Verhalen LM (2023). Gene //B<sub>5</sub> // in cotton confers high and broad resistance to bacterial blight and conditions high amounts of sesquiterpenoid phytoalexins. Phytopathology 113: 812-823. doi: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-08-22-0310-FI|10.1094/PHYTO-08-22-0310-FI]]

Green JM, Brinkerhoff LA (1956). Inheritance of three genes for bacterial blight resistance in Upland cotton. Agron. J. 48: 481-485. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800110001x|10.2134/agronj1956.00021962004800110001x]]

Innes NL (1965a). Resistance to bacterial blight of Cotton: the genes //B<sub>9</sub> // and //B<sub>10</sub> //. Exp. Agric. 1: 189-191. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0014479700021438|10.1017/S0014479700021438]]

Innes NL (1965b). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight of cotton. II. Intra-herbaceum crosses. J. Agric. Sci. 64: 433-437. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600016786|10.1017/S0021859600016786]]

Innes NL (1966). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight of cotton. III. //Herbaceum// resistance transferred to tetraploid cotton. J. Agric. Sci. 66: 433-439. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600063735|10.1017/S0021859600063735]]

Innes NL (1969). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial blight of cotton. IV. Tanzania selections. J. Agric. Sci. 72: 41-51. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0021859600020396|10.1017/S0021859600020396]]

Jalloul A, Sayegh M, Champion A, Nicole M (2015). Bacterial blight of cotton. Phytopathologia Mediterranea 54: 3-20. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.14601/Phytopathol_Mediterr-14690|Phytopathol_Mediterr-14690]]

Knight RL (1944). The genetics of blackarm resistance. IV. //G. punctatum// (Sch. and Thon.) crosses. J. Genet. 46: 1-27. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986691|10.1007/BF02986691]]

Knight RL (1948). The genetics of blackarm resistance. VII. //Gossypium arboreum// L. J. Genet. 49: 109-116. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986827|10.1007/BF02986827]]

Knight RL (1950). The genetics of blackarm resistance. VIII. //Gossypium barbadense//. J. Genet. 50: 67-76. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986795|10.1007/BF02986795]]

Knight RL (1953). The genetics of blackarm resistance. IX. The gene //B<sub>6m</sub> // from //G. arboreum//. J. Genet. 51: 270-275. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF03023298|10.1007/BF03023298]]

Knight RL (1954). The genetics of blackarm resistance. XI. //Gossypium anomalum//. J. Genet. 52: 466-472. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02981538|10.1007/BF02981538]]

Knight RL (1963). The genetics of blackarm resistance. XII. Transference of resistance from //Gossypium herbaceum// to //G. barbadense//. J. Genet. 58: 328-346. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02986304|10.1007/BF02986304]]

Knight RL, Clouston TW (1939). The genetics of blackarm resistance. I. Factors B<sub>1</sub> and B<sub>2</sub>. J. Genet. 38: 133-159. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982168|10.1007/BF02982168]]

Lagiere R (1958). La bactériose du cotonnier, //Xanthomonas malvacearum//) (E.F. Smith) Dowson, dans le monde et en République Centrafricaine (Oubangui-Chari): observations et recherches. Institut des recherches du coton et des textiles exotiques (Colombes, Impr. J. Desseaux) , Paris, p 252.

Saunders JH, Innes NL (1963). The genetics of bacterial blight resistance in cotton. Further evidence on the gene //B<sub>6m</sub> //. Genetics Res. 4: 382-388. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1017/S0016672300003773|10.1017/S0016672300003773]]

Wallace TP, El-Zik KM (1989). Inheritance of resistance in three cotton cultivars to the HV1 isolate of bacterial blight. Crop Sci. 29: 1114-1119. DOI :[[https://doi.org/10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183X002900050003x|10.2135/cropsci1989.0011183X002900050003x]]

Wright RJ, Thaxton PM, El-Zik KM, Paterson AH (1998). D-subgenome bias of //Xcm// resistance genes in tetraploid //Gossypium// (cotton) suggests that polyploid formation has created novel avenues for evolution. Genetics 149: 1987-1996. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/genetics/149.4.1987|10.1093/genetics/149.4.1987]]

Xiao J, Fang DD, Bhatti M, Hendrix B, Cantrell R (2010). A SNP haplotype associated with a gene resistant to //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //malvacearum// in upland cotton (//Gossypium hirsutum// L.). Mol. Breeding 25: 593-602. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11032-009-9355-y|10.1007/s11032-009-9355-y]]

Zhang Y, Wang X, Cheng C, Gao Q, Liu J, Guo X (2008). Molecular cloning and characterization of //GhNPR1//, a gene implicated in pathogen responses from cotton (//Gossypium hirsutum// L.). Biosci Rep. 28: 7-14. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1042/BSR20070028|10.1042/BSR20070028]]

----

===== Further reading =====

Egan LM, Stiller WN (2022). The past, present, and future of host plant resistance in cotton: an Australian perspective. Front. Plant Sci. 13: 895877. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3389/fpls.2022.895877|10.3389/fpls.2022.895877]]

Miao W, Wang X, Li M, Song C, Wang Y, Hu D, Wang J (2010). Genetic transformation of cotton with a harpin-encoding gene //hpa<sub>Xoo</sub> // confers an enhanced defense response against different pathogens through a priming mechanism. BMC Plant Biol. 10: 67. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2229-10-67|10.1186/1471-2229-10-67]]

Saini AK, Saini S, Raj K, Beniwal J, Garima G, Desai SG, Singhal P, Venkata Ramesh G, Kumar Sain S,Kumar R, Kumar A, Kumar Bhambhu M, Sandipan PB, Manikandan K, Kumar D, Bishnoi R (2024) Bacterial blight: Once a menacing disease of cotton in India, now tamed and fading from research spotlight. Plant Pathol. 73: 1675-1690. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.13921|10.1111/ppa.13921]]

Wallace TP, El-Zik KM (1990). Quantitative analysis of resistance in cotton to three new isolates of the bacterial blight pathogen. Theor. Appl. Genet. 79: 443-448. DOI: [[http://doi.org/10.1007/BF00226150|10.1007/BF00226150]]

----

===== Acknowledgements =====

This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
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