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--- bacteria:t3e:xopk [2026/10/29 15:16] – [References] rkoebnik
+++ bacteria:t3e:xopk [2026/10/29 15:17] (current) – [Biological function] rkoebnik
@@ Line 17: / Line 17: @@
 XopK was discovered as a putative T3E based on the presence of a plant-inducible promoter box-like sequence and a -10 box-like sequence (Furutani //et al//., 2006).
 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
 Mutation of a putative ubiquitin-conjugation enzyme (E2) binding site abolished XopK-induced degradation of rice somatic receptor kinase 2 (OsSERK2) and compromised XopK-dependent virulence (Qin //et al//., 2018). Expression of XopK is HrpX-dependent (Furutani //et al//., 2006) and was observed to translocate using a Cya reporter system (Furutani //et al//., 2009).
 === Regulation ===
 Preceded by both a PIP box and a -10 box-like motif (Schulze //et al//., 2012; Furutani //et al//., 2006).
-qRT-PCR revealed that transcript levels of 15 out of 18 tested non-TAL effector genes (as well as the regulatory genes //hrpG// and //hrpX//), including //xopK//, were significantly reduced in the //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Δ//xrvC// mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain PXO99<sup>A</sup> (Liu //et al.//, 2016).
+qRT-PCR revealed that transcript levels of 15 out of 18 tested non-TAL effector genes (as well as the regulatory genes //hrpG// and //hrpX//), including //xopK//, were significantly reduced in the //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Δ//xrvC// mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain PXO99<sup>A</sup>  (Liu //et al.//, 2016).
 === Phenotypes ===
-  * Deletion of XopK has been shown not to affect the virulence of //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzae// (//Xoo//) PXO99<sup>A</sup> in rice IR24 plants; these differential results could be attributed to different genotypes of the rice cultivar or field conditions for plant growth (Song & Yang, 2010).
+  * Deletion of XopK has been shown not to affect the virulence of //X. oryzae//  pv. //oryzae//  (//Xoo//) PXO99<sup>A</sup>   in rice IR24 plants; these differential results could be attributed to different genotypes of the rice cultivar or field conditions for plant growth (Song & Yang, 2010).
-  * A ∆//xopK// mutant strain of //Xanthomonas phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// (aka //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//) exhibited enhanced induction of disease symptoms in cassava at the site of inoculation but reduced spread through the vasculature (Mutka //et al.//, 2016).
+  * A ∆//xopK//  mutant strain of //Xanthomonas phaseoli//  pv. //manihotis//  (aka //Xanthomonas axonopodis//  pv. //manihotis//) exhibited enhanced induction of disease symptoms in cassava at the site of inoculation but reduced spread through the vasculature (Mutka //et al.//, 2016).
-  * XopK<sub>//Xoo//</sub> inhibits pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (Qin //et al.//, 2018)
+  * XopK<sub>//Xoo// </sub>  inhibits pathogen-associated molecular pattern-triggered immunity upstream of mitogen-activated protein kinase cascades (Qin //et al.//, 2018)
-  * Transgenic strawberries expressing XopK exhibit increased susceptibility to //Xanthomonas fragariae// strain YL19, and this was associated with weakened stomatal immunity. Additionally, abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and signaling were significantly suppressed in XopK-overexpressing strawberry plants. Overexpression of XopK also inhibited ABA- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure in strawberry leaves. Moreover, endogenous ABA is critical for //X. fragariae//-induced stomatal closure. These results suggested that //X. fragariae// strain YL19 uses XopK to suppress ABA signaling to disrupt stomatal closure allowing bacterial colonization for disease development (Cai //et al.//, 2025).
+  * Transgenic strawberries expressing XopK exhibit increased susceptibility to //Xanthomonas fragariae//  strain YL19, and this was associated with weakened stomatal immunity. Additionally, abscisic acid (ABA) accumulation and signaling were significantly suppressed in XopK-overexpressing strawberry plants. Overexpression of XopK also inhibited ABA- and methyl jasmonate (MeJA)-induced stomatal closure in strawberry leaves. Moreover, endogenous ABA is critical for //X. fragariae//-induced stomatal closure. These results suggested that //X. fragariae//  strain YL19 uses XopK to suppress ABA signaling to disrupt stomatal closure allowing bacterial colonization for disease development (Cai //et al.//, 2025).
+  * In cabbage line G87-534, deletion of //xopK<sub>Xcc</sub> //  reduced both disease indices and bacterial counts (Chen //et al.//, 2026).
+  * Reverse transcription quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) analyses revealed that XopK<sub>//Xcc// </sub>  suppressed the expression of pathogenesis-related protein 1 (PR1) and a WRKY transcription factor gene (WRKY33) associated with pattern-triggered immunity (Chen //et al.//, 2026)
 === Localization ===
@@ Line 41: / Line 40: @@
 === Enzymatic function ===
-The protein has E3 ubiquinol ligase activity. The putative E2-binding site is highly conserved in the majority of members from different //Xanthomonas// strains except for //X. oryzae// pv. oryzicola strains (W420C).
+The protein has E3 ubiquinol ligase activity. The putative E2-binding site is highly conserved in the majority of members from different //Xanthomonas//  strains except for //X. oryzae//  pv. oryzicola strains (W420C).
 === Interaction partners ===
-XopK<sub>//Xoo//</sub> interacted with and directly ubiquitinated rice somatic embryogenic receptor kinase 2 (OsSERK2), resulting in its degradation (Qin //et al//., 2018)
+XopK<sub>//Xoo// </sub>  interacted with and directly ubiquitinated rice somatic embryogenic receptor kinase 2 (OsSERK2), resulting in its degradation (Qin //et al//., 2018)
 ===== Conservation =====

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