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bacteria:t3e:xopag [2025/02/12 23:22] – jfpothierbacteria:t3e:xopag [2025/07/24 22:24] (current) – jfpothier
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 Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Verniere|Christian Vernière]] & Trainees from the 2<sup>nd</sup> EuroXanth Training School ([[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Songul_Erken|Songül Erken]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damla_Ertimurtas|Damla Ertimurtaş]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jelena_Menkovic|Jelena Menković]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andjelka_Prokic|Andjelka Prokić]])\\ Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Verniere|Christian Vernière]] & Trainees from the 2<sup>nd</sup> EuroXanth Training School ([[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Songul_Erken|Songül Erken]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damla_Ertimurtas|Damla Ertimurtaş]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jelena_Menkovic|Jelena Menković]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andjelka_Prokic|Andjelka Prokić]])\\
 Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tamas_Kovacs6|Tamás Kovács]]\\ Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tamas_Kovacs6|Tamás Kovács]]\\
-Expert reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nian-Wang|Nian Wang]]+Expert reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nian-Wang|Nian Wang]]\\
  
 Class: XopAG\\ Class: XopAG\\
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 //Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri// (Xcc-A) causing citrus bacterial canker can infect most of the commercial citrus species and are worldwide distributed. Strains that were pathogenic on Key lime (//Citrus aurantifolia//), but that did not cause canker symptoms on grapefruit, were reported in Florida and designated as Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>. Three clones were selected from a genomic library of the 12879 strain of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup> that caused rapid necrosis in grapefruit leaves, but not in tomato leaves when they were expressed in //X. perforans// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). A 1599-bp open reading frame (ORF) was found within the nucleotide sequence of DNA from a 2.3-kb subclone from pL799 that caused HR in grapefruit leaves. The complete sequence of the ORF, designated as //avrGf1// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). Genes //avrGf1// and //avrGf2// were found to share low sequence similarity at the nucleotide level, except for a small region in the last 200 nucleotides of the genes, which showed a high level of identity (68%) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). The alignment of translated proteins AvrGf1 (533 amino acids) and AvrGf2 (509 amino acids) determined that AvrGf2 had a low degree of sequence identity (45% amino acid identity) with the previously identified AvrGf1. The highest sequence similarities were observed between AvrGf1 and AvrGf2 in the C-terminal portions of the effector proteins (74.5% identity at the amino acid level over 51 amino acids) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). //Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri// (Xcc-A) causing citrus bacterial canker can infect most of the commercial citrus species and are worldwide distributed. Strains that were pathogenic on Key lime (//Citrus aurantifolia//), but that did not cause canker symptoms on grapefruit, were reported in Florida and designated as Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>. Three clones were selected from a genomic library of the 12879 strain of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup> that caused rapid necrosis in grapefruit leaves, but not in tomato leaves when they were expressed in //X. perforans// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). A 1599-bp open reading frame (ORF) was found within the nucleotide sequence of DNA from a 2.3-kb subclone from pL799 that caused HR in grapefruit leaves. The complete sequence of the ORF, designated as //avrGf1// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). Genes //avrGf1// and //avrGf2// were found to share low sequence similarity at the nucleotide level, except for a small region in the last 200 nucleotides of the genes, which showed a high level of identity (68%) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). The alignment of translated proteins AvrGf1 (533 amino acids) and AvrGf2 (509 amino acids) determined that AvrGf2 had a low degree of sequence identity (45% amino acid identity) with the previously identified AvrGf1. The highest sequence similarities were observed between AvrGf1 and AvrGf2 in the C-terminal portions of the effector proteins (74.5% identity at the amino acid level over 51 amino acids) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017).
 +
 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
  
 An active TTSS is necessary for HR produced by AvrGf1 in grapefruit leaves, as it was proven by transconjugation experiments (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). An active TTSS is necessary for HR produced by AvrGf1 in grapefruit leaves, as it was proven by transconjugation experiments (Rybak //et al.//, 2009).
 +
 === Regulation === === Regulation ===
  
 No data available. The effector gene //xopAG// was however shown to be induced in XVM2 medium compared to NB medium in //X//. //citri// subsp. //citri// A<sup>W</sup> 12879 strain, a variant strain restricted to Mexican lime (Jalan et al., 2013). No data available. The effector gene //xopAG// was however shown to be induced in XVM2 medium compared to NB medium in //X//. //citri// subsp. //citri// A<sup>W</sup> 12879 strain, a variant strain restricted to Mexican lime (Jalan et al., 2013).
 +
 === Phenotypes === === Phenotypes ===
  
-All //xopAG//-containing strains of //X. citri// pv. //citri// induced the hypersensitive response (HR) on grapefruit (//Citrus paradisi//) and sweet orange (//C. sinensis//) but express canker symptoms on Key lime (Escalon //et al.//, 2013). After infiltration of grapefruit leaves with inoculum adjusted to 5×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/mL, internal bacterial populations of Xcc-A (strain A 40) and Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  (strain 12879) were similar through the second day, but populations of Xcc-A were significantly greater than those of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup> after six days. The symptoms caused by the Xac-A<sup>w</sup> ΔavrGf1 strain that was mutated on avrGf1 were more similar to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A strain than to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A<sup>w</sup> strain (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). So the whole pathogenicity was not restored.+All //xopAG//-containing strains of //X. citri// pv. //citri// induced the hypersensitive response (HR) on grapefruit (//Citrus paradisi//) and sweet orange (//C. sinensis//) but express canker symptoms on Key lime (Escalon //et al.//, 2013). After infiltration of grapefruit leaves with inoculum adjusted to 5×10<sup>8</sup> cfu/mL, internal bacterial populations of Xcc-A (strain A 40) and Xcc-A<sup>w</sup> (strain 12879) were similar through the second day, but populations of Xcc-A were significantly greater than those of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup> after six days. The symptoms caused by the Xac-A<sup>w</sup> ΔavrGf1 strain that was mutated on avrGf1 were more similar to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A strain than to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A<sup>w</sup> strain (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). So the whole pathogenicity was not restored. 
 === Localization === === Localization ===
  
 AvrGf1 (Figueiredo //et al.//, 2011) and AvrGf2 (Gochez //et al.//, 2017) possess a N-terminal chloroplast localization signal. The signal is not shared by all members of the XopAG effector family (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). Transient expression of the protein with the first 116 amino acids deleted in grapefruit leaves resulted in the elimination of the HR and a lack of accumulation of the protein in the chloroplast. AvrGf1 (Figueiredo //et al.//, 2011) and AvrGf2 (Gochez //et al.//, 2017) possess a N-terminal chloroplast localization signal. The signal is not shared by all members of the XopAG effector family (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). Transient expression of the protein with the first 116 amino acids deleted in grapefruit leaves resulted in the elimination of the HR and a lack of accumulation of the protein in the chloroplast.
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 === Enzymatic function === === Enzymatic function ===
  
 AvrGf2 elicited rapid cell death in grapfruit leaves (Gonchez //et al.//, 2015), detailed enzymatic function has not been determined yet. AvrGf2 elicited rapid cell death in grapfruit leaves (Gonchez //et al.//, 2015), detailed enzymatic function has not been determined yet.
 +
 === Interaction partners === === Interaction partners ===
  
 The XopAG AvrGf2 effector contains a Cyp-binding site that is essential for the elicitation of HR in citrus (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed strong interaction of AvrGf2 with grapefruit cyclophilin (GfCyp), whereas mutation of the GPLL motif in the cyclophilin-binding domain abolished the interaction. The XopAG AvrGf2 effector contains a Cyp-binding site that is essential for the elicitation of HR in citrus (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed strong interaction of AvrGf2 with grapefruit cyclophilin (GfCyp), whereas mutation of the GPLL motif in the cyclophilin-binding domain abolished the interaction.
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 ===== Conservation ===== ===== Conservation =====
  
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 Yes (//e.g.//, //X. campestris//, //X. vasicola//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017). Yes (//e.g.//, //X. campestris//, //X. vasicola//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
 +
 === In other plant pathogens/symbionts === === In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
  
 Yes (//e.g.//, //P. syringae.// pv. //phaseolicola// (HopG1), //P. syringae// pv. //tomato// (HopG1), //Ralstonia solanacearum//, //Acidovorax citrulli//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017). Yes (//e.g.//, //P. syringae.// pv. //phaseolicola// (HopG1), //P. syringae// pv. //tomato// (HopG1), //Ralstonia solanacearum//, //Acidovorax citrulli//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
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 ===== References ===== ===== References =====
  
bacteria/t3e/xopag.1739402540.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/02/12 23:22 by jfpothier

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