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bacteria:t3e:xopag [2024/08/06 14:17] – [XopAG] rkoebnikbacteria:t3e:xopag [2026/10/29 12:46] (current) – [Biological function] rkoebnik
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-====== The Type III Effector XopAG from Xanthomonas ======+====== The Type III Effector XopAG from //Xanthomonas// ======
  
-Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Verniere|Christian Vernière ]] & Trainees from the 2<sup>nd</sup>  EuroXanth Training School ([[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Songul_Erken|Songül Erken]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damla_Ertimurtas|Damla Ertimurtaş]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jelena_Menkovic|Jelena Menković]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andjelka_Prokic|Andjelka Prokić]])\\+Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Christian_Verniere|Christian Vernière]] & Trainees from the 2<sup>nd</sup> EuroXanth Training School ([[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Songul_Erken|Songül Erken]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Damla_Ertimurtas|Damla Ertimurtaş]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Jelena_Menkovic|Jelena Menković]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Andjelka_Prokic|Andjelka Prokić]])\\
 Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tamas_Kovacs6|Tamás Kovács]]\\ Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Tamas_Kovacs6|Tamás Kovács]]\\
-Expert reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nian-Wang|Nian Wang]]+Expert reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Nian-Wang|Nian Wang]]\\
  
 Class: XopAG\\ Class: XopAG\\
-Family: XopAG1, XopAG2\\ +Families: XopAG1, XopAG2\\ 
-Prototype: AvrGf1 (//Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri//; Xac‐A<sup>w</sup>  strain 12879), AvrGf2 (//Xanthomonas fuscans// pv. //aurantifolii//; Xac‐A<sup>w</sup>  strain Xfa-C51302)\\+Prototype: AvrGf1 (//Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri//; Xac‐A<sup>w</sup> strain 12879), AvrGf2 (//Xanthomonas fuscans// pv. //aurantifolii//; Xac‐A<sup>w</sup> strain Xfa-C51302)\\
 GenBank ID (AvrGf1): [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/ABB84189.1|ABB84189.1]] (532 aa)\\ GenBank ID (AvrGf1): [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/ABB84189.1|ABB84189.1]] (532 aa)\\
 GenBank ID (AvrGf2): [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AIP90071.1|AIP90071.1]] (508 aa)\\ GenBank ID (AvrGf2): [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AIP90071.1|AIP90071.1]] (508 aa)\\
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 === How discovered? === === How discovered? ===
  
-//Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri// (Xcc-A) causing citrus bacterial canker can infect most of the commercial citrus species and are worldwide distributed. Strains that were pathogenic on Key lime (//Citrus aurantifolia//), but that did not cause canker symptoms on grapefruit, were reported in Florida and designated as Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  . Three clones were selected from a genomic library of the 12879 strain of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  that caused rapid necrosis in grapefruit leaves, but not in tomato leaves when they were expressed in //X. perforans// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). A 1599-bp open reading frame (ORF) was found within the nucleotide sequence of DNA from a 2.3-kb subclone from pL799 that caused HR in grapefruit leaves. The complete sequence of the ORF, designated as //avrGf1// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). Genes //avrGf1// and //avrGf2// were found to share low sequence similarity at the nucleotide level, except for a small region in the last 200 nucleotides of the genes, which showed a high level of identity (68%) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). The alignment of translated proteins AvrGf1 (533 amino acids) and AvrGf2 (509 amino acids) determined that AvrGf2 had a low degree of sequence identity (45% amino acid identity) with the previously identified AvrGf1. The highest sequence similarities were observed between AvrGf1 and AvrGf2 in the C-terminal portions of the effector proteins (74.5% identity at the amino acid level over 51 amino acids) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017).+//Xanthomonas citri// pv. //citri// (Xcc-A) causing citrus bacterial canker can infect most of the commercial citrus species and are worldwide distributed. Strains that were pathogenic on Key lime (//Citrus aurantifolia//), but that did not cause canker symptoms on grapefruit, were reported in Florida and designated as Xcc-A<sup>w</sup> . Three clones were selected from a genomic library of the 12879 strain of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  that caused rapid necrosis in grapefruit leaves, but not in tomato leaves when they were expressed in //X. perforans// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). A 1599-bp open reading frame (ORF) was found within the nucleotide sequence of DNA from a 2.3-kb subclone from pL799 that caused HR in grapefruit leaves. The complete sequence of the ORF, designated as //avrGf1// (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). Genes //avrGf1// and //avrGf2// were found to share low sequence similarity at the nucleotide level, except for a small region in the last 200 nucleotides of the genes, which showed a high level of identity (68%) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). The alignment of translated proteins AvrGf1 (533 amino acids) and AvrGf2 (509 amino acids) determined that AvrGf2 had a low degree of sequence identity (45% amino acid identity) with the previously identified AvrGf1. The highest sequence similarities were observed between AvrGf1 and AvrGf2 in the C-terminal portions of the effector proteins (74.5% identity at the amino acid level over 51 amino acids) (Gochez //et al.//, 2017).
 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
  
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 === Regulation === === Regulation ===
  
-No data available. The effector gene //xopAG// was however shown to be induced in XVM2 medium compared to NB medium in X. citri subsp. citri A<sup>W</sup>  12879 strain, a variant strain restricted to Mexicanl lime (Jalan et al., 2013).+No data available. The effector gene //xopAG// was however shown to be induced in XVM2 medium compared to NB medium in //X//. //citri// subsp. //citri// A<sup>W</sup>  12879 strain, a variant strain restricted to Mexican lime (Jalan et al., 2013).
 === Phenotypes === === Phenotypes ===
  
-All //xopAG//-containing strains of //X. citri// pv. //citri// induced the hypersensitive response (HR) on grapefruit (//Citrus paradisi//) and sweet orange (//C. sinensis//) but express canker symptoms on Key lime (Escalon //et al.//, 2013). After infiltration of grapefruit leaves with inoculum adjusted to 5×10<sup>8</sup>  cfu/mL, internal bacterial populations of Xcc-A (strain A 40) and Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  (strain 12879) were similar through the second day, but populations of Xcc-A were significantly greater than those of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  after six days. The symptoms caused by the Xac-A<sup>w</sup>  ΔavrGf1 strain that was mutated on avrGf1 were more similar to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A strain than to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A<sup>w</sup>  strain (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). So the whole pathogenicity was not restored.+All //xopAG//-containing strains of //X. citri// pv. //citri// (//Xcc//) induced the hypersensitive response (HR) on grapefruit (//Citrus paradisi//) and sweet orange (//C. sinensis//), but expressed canker symptoms on Key lime (Escalon //et al.//, 2013). After infiltration of grapefruit leaves with inoculum adjusted to 5×10<sup>8</sup>  cfu/mL, internal bacterial populations of Xcc-A (strain A 40) and Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  (strain 12879) were similar through the second day, but populations of Xcc-A were significantly greater than those of Xcc-A<sup>w</sup>  after six days. The symptoms caused by the Xac-A<sup>w</sup>  Δ//avrGf1// strain that was mutated on //avrGf1// were more similar to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A strain than to those produced by the wild-type Xac-A<sup>w</sup>  strain (Rybak //et al.//, 2009). So the whole pathogenicity was not restored. 
 + 
 +Deletion of XopAG in //X. phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// (//Xpm//) did not affect morphology or extracellular enzyme production of //Xpm// but significantly attenuated its virulence on cassava (Yang //et al.//, 2026). Silencing MeHSP26 compromised cassava resistance to //Xpm//, following reduced flavonoid content and suppression of flavonoid gene expression. It was concluded that XopAG promotes MeHSP26 degradation to suppress flavonoid biosynthesis, thereby attenuating cassava immunity during early //Xpm// inoculation (Yang //et al.//, 2026).
 === Localization === === Localization ===
  
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 The XopAG AvrGf2 effector contains a Cyp-binding site that is essential for the elicitation of HR in citrus (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed strong interaction of AvrGf2 with grapefruit cyclophilin (GfCyp), whereas mutation of the GPLL motif in the cyclophilin-binding domain abolished the interaction. The XopAG AvrGf2 effector contains a Cyp-binding site that is essential for the elicitation of HR in citrus (Gochez //et al.//, 2017). Yeast two-hybrid experiments showed strong interaction of AvrGf2 with grapefruit cyclophilin (GfCyp), whereas mutation of the GPLL motif in the cyclophilin-binding domain abolished the interaction.
 +
 +The cassava small heat shock protein MeHSP26 was identified as a host target of XopAG, and both proteins were found to interact in both the cytoplasm and nucleus in //Nicotiana benthamiana// (Yang //et al.//, 2026). Notably, a degradation assay revealed that XopAG promotes MeHSP26 degradation in //N. benthamiana// (Yang //et al.//, 2026).
 +
 ===== Conservation ===== ===== Conservation =====
  
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 Yes (//e.g.//, //X. campestris//, //X. vasicola//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017). Yes (//e.g.//, //X. campestris//, //X. vasicola//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
 +
 === In other plant pathogens/symbionts === === In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
  
 Yes (//e.g.//, //P. syringae.// pv. //phaseolicola// (HopG1), //P. syringae// pv. //tomato// (HopG1), //Ralstonia solanacearum//, //Acidovorax citrulli//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017). Yes (//e.g.//, //P. syringae.// pv. //phaseolicola// (HopG1), //P. syringae// pv. //tomato// (HopG1), //Ralstonia solanacearum//, //Acidovorax citrulli//) (Gochez //et al//., 2017).
 +
 ===== References ===== ===== References =====
  
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 Figueiredo JF, Romer P, Lahaye T, Graham JH, White FF, Jones JB (2011). //Agrobacterium//-mediated transient expression in citrus leaves: a rapid tool for gene expression and functional gene assay. Plant Cell Rep. 30: 1339-1345. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-011-1045-7|10.1007/s00299-011-1045-7]] Figueiredo JF, Romer P, Lahaye T, Graham JH, White FF, Jones JB (2011). //Agrobacterium//-mediated transient expression in citrus leaves: a rapid tool for gene expression and functional gene assay. Plant Cell Rep. 30: 1339-1345. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00299-011-1045-7|10.1007/s00299-011-1045-7]]
- <font 10.5pt/inherit;;#1c1d1e;;white>Gochez AM, Minsavage GV, Potnis N, Canteros BI, Stall RE, Jones JB (2015). A functional XopAG homologue in //Xanthomonas fuscans// pv.// aurantifolii //strain C limits host range. Plant Pathol, 64: 1207-1214. DOI:</font>   [[https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12361|10.1111/ppa.12361]]+ 
 +Gochez AM, Minsavage GV, Potnis N, Canteros BI, Stall RE, Jones JB (2015). A functional XopAG homologue in //Xanthomonas fuscans// pv. //aurantifolii// strain C limits host range. Plant Pathol, 64: 1207-1214. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/ppa.12361|10.1111/ppa.12361]]
  
 Gochez AM, Shantharaj D, Potnis N, Zhou X, Minsavage GV, White FF, Wang N, Hurlbert JC, Jones JB (2017). Molecular characterization of XopAG effector AvrGf2 from //Xanthomonas fuscans// ssp. //aurantifolii// in grapefruit. Mol. Plant Pathol. 18: 405-419. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12408|10.1111/mpp.12408]] Gochez AM, Shantharaj D, Potnis N, Zhou X, Minsavage GV, White FF, Wang N, Hurlbert JC, Jones JB (2017). Molecular characterization of XopAG effector AvrGf2 from //Xanthomonas fuscans// ssp. //aurantifolii// in grapefruit. Mol. Plant Pathol. 18: 405-419. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/mpp.12408|10.1111/mpp.12408]]
  
-Jalan N, Kumar D, Andrade MO, Yu F, Jones JB, Graham JH, White FF, Setubal JC, Wang N (2013). Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of pathotypes of //Xanthomonas citri //subsp. //citri// provide insights into mechanisms of bacterial virulence and host range. BMC Genomics 14: 551. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-551|10.1186/1471-2164-14-551]]+Jalan N, Kumar D, Andrade MO, Yu F, Jones JB, Graham JH, White FF, Setubal JC, Wang N (2013). Comparative genomic and transcriptome analyses of pathotypes of //Xanthomonas citri// subsp. //citri// provide insights into mechanisms of bacterial virulence and host range. BMC Genomics 14: 551. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2164-14-551|10.1186/1471-2164-14-551]]
  
 Rybak M, Minsavage GV, Stall RE, Jones JB (2009). Identification of //Xanthomonas citri// ssp. //citri// host specificity genes in a heterologous expression host. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10: 249-262. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00528.x|10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00528.x]] Rybak M, Minsavage GV, Stall RE, Jones JB (2009). Identification of //Xanthomonas citri// ssp. //citri// host specificity genes in a heterologous expression host. Mol. Plant Pathol. 10: 249-262. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00528.x|10.1111/j.1364-3703.2008.00528.x]]
 +
 +Yang L, Wang Y, Yang D, Chen Y, Xiang L, Zhu S, Niu X, Garcia JMP, Morales Rodríguez A, Ou W, Chen Y (2026). //Xanthomonas phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// effector XopAG impairs cassava immunity by hijacking MeHSP26 to suppress flavonoid biosynthesis. Plant Physiol. 202: kiag630. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1093/plphys/kiag630|10.1093/plphys/kiag630]]
 +
 +===== Acknowledgements =====
 +
 +This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).
  
bacteria/t3e/xopag.1722950262.txt.gz · Last modified: 2024/08/06 14:17 by rkoebnik

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