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--- bacteria:t3e:xopae [2020/07/03 09:24] – rkoebnik
+++ bacteria:t3e:xopae [2025/03/10 10:23] (current) – [The Type III Effector XopAE from //Xanthomonas//] rkoebnik
@@ Line 1: / Line 1: @@
-====== XopAE ======
+====== The Type III Effector XopAE from //Xanthomonas// ======
 Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Guido_Sessa|Guido Sessa]]\\
-Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Studholme|David J. Studholme]]\\
+Internal reviewers: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/David_Studholme|David J. Studholme]], [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralf-Koebnik|Ralf Koebnik]]\\
-Expert reviewer: FIXME
+Expert reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Laurent_Noel|Laurent D. Noël]]
 Class: XopAE\\
-Family: XopAE family\\
+Family: XopAE\\
-Prototype: XopAE (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// aka //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// [//Xcv//]; strain 85-10), also referred to as HpaF (Kim //et al.//, 2003; Sugio //et al.//, 2005). In //Xcv// 85-10, the gene is bipartite and the two parts were coined //hpaF// and //hpaG// (Noël //et al.//, 2002). However, //hpaG// was used by others to designate the homolog of //hpa1// (//X. campestris//, //X. oryzae//) and //xopA// (//Xcv// 85-10) (Kim //et al.//, 2003).
+Prototype: HpaF/HpaG (//Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria//, ex //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//; strain 85-10)\\
+GenBank ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AAL78290.1|AAL78290.1]] (197 aa) / [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/AAL78291.1|AAL78291.1]] (432 aa)\\
 RefSeq ID: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/protein/WP_011050288.1|WP_011050288.1]] (547 aa)\\
-D structure: E3 ubiquitin ligase, based on homology modelling. Similar fold to that of XopL (Popov //et al//., 2018).
+Synonyms: XopAE was also referred to as HpaF (Kim //et al.//, 2003; Sugio //et al.//, 2005). In //Xee// strain 85-10, the gene is bipartite and the two parts were first coined //hpaF// and //hpaG// (Noël //et al.//, 2002). Be careful: //hpaG// was also used in other //Xanthomonas// to designate the homolog of //hpa1// (//X. campestris//, //X. oryzae//) and //xopA// (//Xcv// 85-10) (Kim //et al.//, 2003).\\
+D structure: Most XopAE possesses a N-terminal leucine-rich repeat (LRR) domain and a C-terminal XL box motif with an E3 ubiquitin ligase fold, based on homology modelling (Popov //et al.//., 2018). Predicted fold of XopAE C terminus is similar to that of XopL (Popov //et al.//, 2018).
 ===== The locus =====
-The //xopAE// locus in the majority of the //Xanthomonas// strains encodes a single ORF (//xopAE//), while in //X. euvesicatoria// strain 85-10 a frame-shift splits it into two ORFs (//hpaF// and //xopAE<sub>85-10</sub> //) that are transcribed in an operon as a bicistronic mRNA (Noël //et al//., 2002).
+The //xopAE// locus in the majority of the //Xanthomonas// strains encodes a single ORF (//xopAE//). Yet, in //X. euvesicatoria// strain 85-10, a frame-shift splits it into two ORFs (//hpaF// and //xopAE<sub>85-10</sub>//) that are transcribed in an operon as a bicistronic mRNA (Noël //et al//., 2002; Popov //et al//., 2018).
 ===== Biological function =====
 === How discovered? ===
-XopAE was discovered by DNA sequencing of the //X. euvesicatoria// strain 85-10 //hrp// cluster (Noël //et al//., 2002).
+XopAE was discovered by studying //hrpG//-regulated genes within the //hrp// gene cluster of //X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (//Xee//) strain 85-10 (Noël //et al.//, 2002).
 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
-XopAE preceded by //hpaF// was fused to the AvrBs2 reporter and shown to translocate into plant cells in an //hrpF//-dependent manner (Popov //et al//., 2018).
+XopAE<sub>//Xee//85-10</sub> was fused to the AvrBs2 reporter and shown to translocate into plant cells in an //hrpF//-dependent manner (Popov //et al.//, 2018).
 === Regulation ===
-In //X. euvesicatoria// strain 85-10, //xopAE// <sub>85-10</sub> transcription is driven by the promoter of the immediately upstream //hpaF// gene and regulated by the HrpX and HrpG master transcriptional regulators of the //Xanthomonas// T3SS (Popov //et al//., 2016). An imperfect PIP box (TTCGC-N<sub>16</sub>-TTCGC) is located 82 bp upstream of the predicted translation start codon of //hpaF// (Noël //et al//., 2002).
+In //Xee// strain 85-10, //xopAE// <sub>85-10</sub> transcription is driven by the promoter of the immediately upstream //hpaF// gene and regulated by the HrpX and HrpG master transcriptional regulators of the //Xanthomonas// T3SS (Popov //et al.//, 2016). An imperfect PIP box (TTCGC-N<sub>16</sub>-TTCGC) is located 82 bp upstream of the predicted translation start codon of //hpaF// (Noël //et al.//, 2002).
 === Phenotypes ===
-XopAE<sub>85-10</sub> is a suppressor of PTI that was shown to inhibit flg22-mediated signaling in //Arabidopsis// and tomato protoplasts, downstream or in parallel to the activation of the MPK3 and MPK6 MAP kinases. Expression of XopAE<sub>85-10</sub> in plants inhibits PTI-associated callose deposition at the cell wall and enhances disease symptoms (Popov //et al//., 2016).
+XopAE<sub>//Xee//85-10</sub> is a suppressor of PTI that was shown to inhibit flg22-mediated signaling in //Arabidopsis// and tomato protoplasts, downstream or in parallel to the activation of the MPK3 and MPK6 MAP kinases. //Pseudomonas syringae//-mediated delivery of XopAE<sub>//Xee//85-10</sub> in plants inhibits PTI-associated callose deposition at the cell wall and enhances disease symptoms in tomato (Popov //et al.//, 2016). Later, XopAE<sub>//Xpm// </sub> was confirmed to suppress basal defenses such as callose deposition and the production of reactive oxygen species (Gomez De la Cruz //et al.//, 2025).
 === Localization ===
-Cytoplasm and nucleus (Popov //et al//., 2016).
+XopAE<sub>//Xee//85-10</sub>-YFP fusion protein localizes to the cytoplasm and nucleus of //Nicotiana benthamiana// leaf epidermal cells (Popov //et al.//, 2016). XopAE<sub>//Xpm// </sub> localizes to the nucleus and in scattered points throughout the cell border, while Mep23-1 shows a nucleocytoplasmic localization. Upon interaction, XopAE//<sub>Xpm</sub> // hijacks Mep23-1 to the scattered points throughout the cell border and they also interact in nucleus (Gomez De la Cruz //et al.//, 2025).
 === Enzymatic function ===
-XopAE is an active E3 ubiquitin ligase //in vitro// (Popov //et al//., 2018).
+XopAE<sub>85-10</sub> is an active E3 ubiquitin ligase //in vitro// (Popov //et al.//, 2018).
 === Interaction partners ===
-Unknown.
+XopAE<sub>//Xpm// </sub> targets a small heat shock protein (Mep23-1 cochaperone) in cassava and its homolog Atp23-1 in //Arabidopsis// (Gomez De la Cruz //et al.//, 2025).
 ===== Conservation =====
@@ Line 42: / Line 44: @@
 === In xanthomonads ===
-Yes (//e.g.//, the //xopAE// locus is present in sequenced genomes of //X. alfalfae//, //X. euvesicatoria//, //X. oryzae//, //X. bromi//, //X. vasicola// and //X. fragariae//).
+Yes (Popov //et al//., 2018). The //xopAE// locus is present in sequenced genomes of //X. alfalfae//, //X. euvesicatoria//, //X. oryzae//, //X. bromi//, //X. vasicola// and //X. fragariae//, but not in //X. campestris// pv. //campestris//, for instance.
 === In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
-Yes. There are homologues in //Acidovorax// spp. (sharing up to about 50% amino-acid sequence identity) and in //Ralstonia //spp//.// (less than 35% sequence identity).
+Yes. There are homologues in //Acidovorax// spp. (sharing up to about 50% amino-acid sequence identity) and in //Ralstonia// spp. (less than 35% sequence identity).
 ===== References =====
+Gomez De la Cruz D, Castillo DA, Trujillo B CA, Medina CA, Hurtado V, Gil J, Padmanabhan M, Restrepo S, Dinesh-Kumar SP, Germain H, Lopez C, Bernal A (2025). XopAE effector from Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. manihotis targets HSP20-like p23 cochaperone to suppress plant basal immunity. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact., in press. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-08-24-0086-R|10.1094/MPMI-08-24-0086-R]]
 Kim JG, Park BK, Yoo CH, Jeon E, Oh J, Hwang I (2003). Characterization of the //Xanthomonas axonopodis// pv. //glycines// Hrp pathogenicity island. J. Bacteriol. 185: 3155‐3166. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.185.10.3155-3166.2003|jb.185.10.3155-3166.2003]]
@@ Line 57: / Line 63: @@
 Sugio A, Yang B, White FF (2005). Characterization of the //hrpF// pathogenicity peninsula of //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae//. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 18: 546‐554. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI-18-0546|10.1094/MPMI-18-0546]]
+===== Further reading =====
+Zhao S, Mo WL, Wu F, Tang W, Tang JL, Szurek B, Verdier V, Koebnik R, Feng JX (2013). Identification of non-TAL effectors in //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Chinese strain 13751 and analysis of their role in the bacterial virulence. World J. Microbiol. Biotechnol. 29: 733-744. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s11274-012-1229-5|10.1007/s11274-012-1229-5]]
+===== Acknowledgements =====
+This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).

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