bacteria:t3e:avrbs3
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| bacteria:t3e:avrbs3 [2020/08/07 16:56] – [Biological function] rkoebnik | bacteria:t3e:avrbs3 [2025/02/21 12:08] (current) – joana_costa | ||
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| - | ====== AvrBs3 ====== | + | ====== |
| Author: [[https:// | Author: [[https:// | ||
| Internal reviewer: [[https:// | Internal reviewer: [[https:// | ||
| - | Expert reviewer: | + | Expert reviewer: |
| Class: AvrBs3\\ | Class: AvrBs3\\ | ||
| Family: Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) Effectors, TALEs (previously: | Family: Transcription Activator-Like (TAL) Effectors, TALEs (previously: | ||
| Prototype: AvrBs3 (// | Prototype: AvrBs3 (// | ||
| - | RefSeq | + | GenBank |
| - | 3D structure: [[https:// | + | RefSeq ID: [[https:// |
| + | 3D structure: [[https:// | ||
| ===== Biological function ===== | ===== Biological function ===== | ||
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| === How discovered? === | === How discovered? === | ||
| - | The gene //avrBs3 //was cloned in 1989 and was the first gene described of the TAL effector (TALE) family (Minsavage //et al//., 1990). Different resistant and susceptible cultivars of peppers were inoculated with //Xcv// strains 71-21 and 82-8 (Bonas //et al//., 1989). The pepper cultivar ECW-30R carries the resistance gene //Bs3 //and inoculation of these //Xcv// strains provoked a hypersensitive response (HR) (Bonas //et al//., 1989). This indicated that both //Xcv// strains contained //avrBs3//. | + | The gene //avrBs3// was cloned in 1989 and was the first gene described of the TAL effector (TALE) family (Minsavage //et al//., 1990). Different resistant and susceptible cultivars of peppers were inoculated with //Xcv// strains 71-21 and 82-8 (Bonas //et al//., 1989). The pepper cultivar ECW-30R carries the resistance gene //Bs3// and inoculation of these //Xcv// strains provoked a hypersensitive response (HR) (Bonas //et al//., 1989). This indicated that both //Xcv// strains contained //avrBs3//. |
| === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === | === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === | ||
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| === Regulation === | === Regulation === | ||
| - | Unlike most other type III effectors, expression of //avrBs3// is not dependend on the hrp regulon and the gene does not contain a PIP box in its promoter region. It is expressed constitutively in cells grown in minimal or complex medium and in planta (Knoop //et al//., 1991). | + | Unlike most other type III effectors, expression of //avrBs3// is not dependend on the hrp regulon and the gene does not contain a PIP box in its promoter region. It is expressed constitutively in cells grown in minimal or complex medium and //in planta// (Knoop //et al//., 1991). |
| === Phenotypes === | === Phenotypes === | ||
| - | AvrBs3, as well as other members of the TALE-family, function as specific transcription factors in plant cells. These proteins bind to specific sequences in promoters and induce expression of downstream genes. The DNA-binding specificity is encoded in the order of individual 34-amino acid repeats which each recognize one DNA base. Different TALEs typically contain different repeats and accordingly bind to different DNA sequences and target different host genes. The contributions of individual TALEs to virulence can thus be quite diverse. | + | AvrBs3, as well as other members of the TALE family, function as specific transcription factors in plant cells. These proteins bind to specific sequences in promoters and induce expression of downstream genes. The DNA-binding specificity is encoded in the order of individual 34-amino acid repeats which each recognize one DNA base. Different TALEs typically contain different repeats and accordingly bind to different DNA sequences and target different host genes. The contributions of individual TALEs to virulence can thus be quite diverse. |
| - | Expression analysis using gene promoter fusion and western blot analysis demonstrated that //avrBs3// was expressed and resulted in a 122 kDa protein (1164 aa) which was detectable using a specific polyclonal antibody (Bonas //et al//., 1989). The AvrBs3 effector protein elicits two different types of responses in resistant or susceptible plants. In susceptible pepper plants (Early Cal Wonder; ECW), hypertrophy (i.e. enlargement of mesophyll cells) is triggered by AvrBs3 (Bonas //et al//., 1989; Bonas //et al//., 1991; Marois //et al//., 2002). // | + | Expression analysis using gene promoter fusion and western blot analysis demonstrated that //avrBs3// was expressed and resulted in a 122 kDa protein (1164 aa) which was detectable using a specific polyclonal antibody (Bonas //et al//., 1989). The AvrBs3 effector protein elicits two different types of responses in resistant or susceptible plants. In susceptible pepper plants (Early Cal Wonder; ECW), hypertrophy (i.e. enlargement of mesophyll cells) is triggered by AvrBs3 (Bonas //et al//., 1989; Bonas //et al//., 1991; Marois //et al//., 2002). // |
| In resistant pepper plants, the promoter of //Bs3// contains a //UPA// box that is bound by AvrBs3 resulting in the transcription of the gene //Bs3//. //Bs3// encodes a protein that is homologous to flavine-dependent mono-oxygenases (Römer //et al//., 2007) and its expression causes rapid cell death thus preventing the spread of the pathogen (Bonas //et al//., 1989; Bonas //et al//., 1991). | In resistant pepper plants, the promoter of //Bs3// contains a //UPA// box that is bound by AvrBs3 resulting in the transcription of the gene //Bs3//. //Bs3// encodes a protein that is homologous to flavine-dependent mono-oxygenases (Römer //et al//., 2007) and its expression causes rapid cell death thus preventing the spread of the pathogen (Bonas //et al//., 1989; Bonas //et al//., 1991). | ||
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| The //avrBs3// gene is localized on pXV11, a self-transmissible plasmid, and was initially isolated from //Xcv// strain 71-21 (Bonas //et al//., 1989). Using complementation of //Xcv// strain 85-10 (virulent on pepper ECW-30R), a 5-kb fragment including //avrBs3// was discovered (Bonas //et al//., 1989). | The //avrBs3// gene is localized on pXV11, a self-transmissible plasmid, and was initially isolated from //Xcv// strain 71-21 (Bonas //et al//., 1989). Using complementation of //Xcv// strain 85-10 (virulent on pepper ECW-30R), a 5-kb fragment including //avrBs3// was discovered (Bonas //et al//., 1989). | ||
| - | === Enzymatic | + | === Molecular |
| DNA-binding protein. Transcriptional activator. | DNA-binding protein. Transcriptional activator. | ||
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| Importin alpha (Szurek //et al.//, 2001) interacts with the nuclear localization sequences of AvrBs3. The basal transcription factor IIA, gamma subunit from rice interacts with a region in the C-terminal domain of TALEs (Yuan //et al//., 2016) and similar interactions might be possible for AvrBs3, too. AvrBs3 and the TALE-family of effectors bind to DNA (Kay //et al//., 2007; Römer //et al//., 2007) with their N-terminal domain exhibiting general DNA-binding properties (Gao //et al.//, 2012) and the repeat region facilitating specific interaction to DNA bases (Boch //et al//., 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove, 2009). | Importin alpha (Szurek //et al.//, 2001) interacts with the nuclear localization sequences of AvrBs3. The basal transcription factor IIA, gamma subunit from rice interacts with a region in the C-terminal domain of TALEs (Yuan //et al//., 2016) and similar interactions might be possible for AvrBs3, too. AvrBs3 and the TALE-family of effectors bind to DNA (Kay //et al//., 2007; Römer //et al//., 2007) with their N-terminal domain exhibiting general DNA-binding properties (Gao //et al.//, 2012) and the repeat region facilitating specific interaction to DNA bases (Boch //et al//., 2009; Moscou & Bogdanove, 2009). | ||
| - | |||
| ===== Conservation ===== | ===== Conservation ===== | ||
| === In xanthomonads === | === In xanthomonads === | ||
| - | Yes in many pathovars, but not necesssarily all strains within a pathovar. | + | Yes, in many pathovars, but not necesssarily all strains within a pathovar. |
| === In other plant pathogens/ | === In other plant pathogens/ | ||
| - | Yes: Genes homologous to //avrBs3// of // | + | Yes: Genes homologous to //avrBs3// of // |
| ===== References ===== | ===== References ===== | ||
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| de Lange O, Schreiber T, Schandry N, Radeck J, Braun KH, Koszinowski J, Heuer H, Strauß A, Lahaye T (2013). Breaking the DNA-binding code of //Ralstonia solanacearum// | de Lange O, Schreiber T, Schandry N, Radeck J, Braun KH, Koszinowski J, Heuer H, Strauß A, Lahaye T (2013). Breaking the DNA-binding code of //Ralstonia solanacearum// | ||
| - | de Lange O, Wolf C, Dietze J, Elsaesser J, Morbitzer R, Lahaye T (2014). Programmable DNA-binding proteins from Burkholderia provide a fresh perspective on the TALE-like repeat domain. Nuc. Acids Res. 42: 7436-7449. DOI: [[https:// | + | de Lange O, Wolf C, Dietze J, Elsaesser J, Morbitzer R, Lahaye T (2014). Programmable DNA-binding proteins from Burkholderia provide a fresh perspective on the TALE-like repeat domain. Nuc. Acids Res. 42: 7436-7449. DOI: [[https:// |
| de Lange O, Wolf C, Thiel P, Krüger J, Kleusch C, Kohlbacher O, Lahaye T (2015). DNA-binding proteins from marine bacteria expand the known sequence diversity of TALE-like repeats. Nuc. Acids Res. 43: 10065-10080. DOI: [[https:// | de Lange O, Wolf C, Thiel P, Krüger J, Kleusch C, Kohlbacher O, Lahaye T (2015). DNA-binding proteins from marine bacteria expand the known sequence diversity of TALE-like repeats. Nuc. Acids Res. 43: 10065-10080. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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| Lackner G, Moebius N, Partida-Martinez LP, Boland S, Hertweck C (2011). Evolution of an endofungal lifestyle: Deductions from the // | Lackner G, Moebius N, Partida-Martinez LP, Boland S, Hertweck C (2011). Evolution of an endofungal lifestyle: Deductions from the // | ||
| + | |||
| + | Liu L, Zhang Y, Liu M, Wei W, Yi C, Peng J (2020). Structural insights into the specific recognition of 5-methylcytosine and 5-hydroxymethylcytosine by TAL effectors. J. Mol. Biol. 432: | ||
| Mak AN, Bradley P, Cernadas RA, Bogdanove AJ, Stoddard BL (2012). The crystal structure of TAL effector PthXo1 bound to its DNA target. Science 335: 716-719. DOI: [[https:// | Mak AN, Bradley P, Cernadas RA, Bogdanove AJ, Stoddard BL (2012). The crystal structure of TAL effector PthXo1 bound to its DNA target. Science 335: 716-719. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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| Stella S, Molina R, Yefimenko I, Prieto J, Silva G, Bertonati C, Juillerat A, Duchateau P, Montoya G (2013). Structure of the AvrBs3–DNA complex provides new insights into the initial thymine-recognition mechanism. Acta Cryst. 69: 1707-1716. DOI: [[http:// | Stella S, Molina R, Yefimenko I, Prieto J, Silva G, Bertonati C, Juillerat A, Duchateau P, Montoya G (2013). Structure of the AvrBs3–DNA complex provides new insights into the initial thymine-recognition mechanism. Acta Cryst. 69: 1707-1716. DOI: [[http:// | ||
| - | Szurek B, Marois E, Bonas U, Van den Ackerveken G (2001). Eukaryotic features of the // | + | Szurek B, Marois E, Bonas U, Van den Ackerveken G (2001). Eukaryotic features of the // |
| Szurek B, Rossier O, Hause G, Bonas U (2002). Type III-dependent translocation of the // | Szurek B, Rossier O, Hause G, Bonas U (2002). Type III-dependent translocation of the // | ||
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| Van den Ackerveken G, Marois E, Bonas U (1996). Recognition of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrBs3 occurs inside the host plant cell. Cell 87: 1307-1316. DOI: [[https:// | Van den Ackerveken G, Marois E, Bonas U (1996). Recognition of the bacterial avirulence protein AvrBs3 occurs inside the host plant cell. Cell 87: 1307-1316. DOI: [[https:// | ||
| - | Yin P, Deng D, Yan C, Pan X, Xi JJ, Yan N, Shi Y (2012). Specific DNA-RNA hybrid recognition by TAL effectors. Cell Rep. 2: 707-713. DOI: 1[[https:// | + | Yin P, Deng D, Yan C, Pan X, Xi JJ, Yan N, Shi Y (2012). Specific DNA-RNA hybrid recognition by TAL effectors. Cell Rep. 2: 707-713. DOI: [[https:// |
| ===== Further reading ===== | ===== Further reading ===== | ||
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| Xue J, Lu Z, Liu W, Wang S, Lu D, Wang X, He X (2020). The genetic arms race between plant and // | Xue J, Lu Z, Liu W, Wang S, Lu D, Wang X, He X (2020). The genetic arms race between plant and // | ||
| + | |||
| + | Zhang B, Han X, Yuan W, Zhang H (2022). TALEs as double-edged swords in plant-pathogen interactions: | ||
| Zhang J, Yin Z, White F (2015). TAL effectors and the executor //R// genes. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 641. DOI: [[https:// | Zhang J, Yin Z, White F (2015). TAL effectors and the executor //R// genes. Front. Plant Sci. 6: 641. DOI: [[https:// | ||
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| + | ===== Acknowledgements ===== | ||
| + | |||
| + | This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology). | ||
bacteria/t3e/avrbs3.1596815791.txt.gz · Last modified: 2023/01/09 10:20 (external edit)
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