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bacteria:t3e:avrbs2 [2025/02/12 22:58] – jfpothierbacteria:t3e:avrbs2 [2025/07/24 22:10] (current) – jfpothier
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 Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spela_Alic|Špela Alič]]\\ Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Spela_Alic|Špela Alič]]\\
-Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralf_Koebnik|Ralf Koebnik]]+Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Ralf_Koebnik|Ralf Koebnik]]\\
  
 Class: AvrBs2\\ Class: AvrBs2\\
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 Indirectly – the pathovars that induced //Bs2//-mediated hypersensitivity were classified as having AvrBs2 activity (Kearney & Staskawicz, 1990). Indirectly – the pathovars that induced //Bs2//-mediated hypersensitivity were classified as having AvrBs2 activity (Kearney & Staskawicz, 1990).
 +
 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
  
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 Once the effector domain of AvrBs2 that is recognized by //Bs2// pepper plants was identified (Mudgett //et al.//, 2000), this knowledge was used to construct a Tn//5//-based reporter transposon, which was sucessfully used in genetic screens to isolate type III effectors from //Xanthomonas// (Roden //et al.//, 2004). Once the effector domain of AvrBs2 that is recognized by //Bs2// pepper plants was identified (Mudgett //et al.//, 2000), this knowledge was used to construct a Tn//5//-based reporter transposon, which was sucessfully used in genetic screens to isolate type III effectors from //Xanthomonas// (Roden //et al.//, 2004).
 +
 === Regulation === === Regulation ===
  
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 qRT-PCR revealed that transcript levels of 15 out of 18 tested non-TAL effector genes (as well as the regulatory genes //hrpG// and //hrpX//), including //avrBs2//, were significantly reduced in the //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Δ//xrvC// mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain PXO99<sup>A</sup> (Liu //et al//., 2016). qRT-PCR revealed that transcript levels of 15 out of 18 tested non-TAL effector genes (as well as the regulatory genes //hrpG// and //hrpX//), including //avrBs2//, were significantly reduced in the //Xanthomonas oryzae// pv. //oryzae// Δ//xrvC// mutant compared with those in the wild-type strain PXO99<sup>A</sup> (Liu //et al//., 2016).
 +
 === Phenotypes === === Phenotypes ===
  
   * The loss of a functional //avrBs2// gene was found to affect the fitness of //Xcv// and revealed fitness costs for three additional, plasmid-borne effector genes (//avrBs1//, //avrBs3//, //avrBs4//) in //Xcv//, indicating that complex functional interactions exist among effector genes (Wichmann & Bergelson, 2004).   * The loss of a functional //avrBs2// gene was found to affect the fitness of //Xcv// and revealed fitness costs for three additional, plasmid-borne effector genes (//avrBs1//, //avrBs3//, //avrBs4//) in //Xcv//, indicating that complex functional interactions exist among effector genes (Wichmann & Bergelson, 2004).
-  * AvrBs2 has been demonstrated to be required for full virulence of //Xcv//, //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola//, //X. phaseoli //pv. //manihotis// (aka //X. axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//) (Zhao //et al//., 2011; Li //et al//., 2015; Mutka //et al.//, 2016; Medina //et al//., 2018).+  * AvrBs2 has been demonstrated to be required for full virulence of //Xcv//, //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola//, //X. phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// (aka //X. axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//) (Zhao //et al//., 2011; Li //et al//., 2015; Mutka //et al.//, 2016; Medina //et al//., 2018).
   * Recognition of //AvrBs2// by OsHRL makes rice more resistant against //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// (Park //et al//., 2010).   * Recognition of //AvrBs2// by OsHRL makes rice more resistant against //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// (Park //et al//., 2010).
-  * It was shown in pepper and tomato lines without //Bs2 //that mutations of catalytic residues in the glycerolphosphodiesterase did not interfere with the ability of the plant to recognize AvrBs2 through the cognate R gene //Bs2// and trigger disease resistance. This finding suggests that recognition of AvrBs2 is independent of its glycerolphosphodiesterase enzyme activity (Zhao //et al//., 2011).+  * It was shown in pepper and tomato lines without //Bs2// that mutations of catalytic residues in the glycerolphosphodiesterase did not interfere with the ability of the plant to recognize AvrBs2 through the cognate R gene //Bs2// and trigger disease resistance. This finding suggests that recognition of AvrBs2 is independent of its glycerolphosphodiesterase enzyme activity (Zhao //et al//., 2011).
   * AvrBs2 contributes to //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// virulence by suppressing PAMP-triggered defense responses in rice (Li //et al//., 2015).   * AvrBs2 contributes to //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// virulence by suppressing PAMP-triggered defense responses in rice (Li //et al//., 2015).
   * AvrBs2 transiently expressed in //Arabidopsis// protoplasts suppressed flg22-induced NHO1 expression (Li //et al//., 2015).   * AvrBs2 transiently expressed in //Arabidopsis// protoplasts suppressed flg22-induced NHO1 expression (Li //et al//., 2015).
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 === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E === === (Experimental) evidence for being a T3E ===
  
-AvrBs2 fused to the calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase domain was shown to translocate into plant cells (cytosol), detected through rise of cAMP levels inside the plant tissue. The //hrpF// <sup>-</sup> mutant was used as a negative control to prove the translocation process. Further it was shown that AvrBs2 contains two N-terminal secretion and translocation signals: first for secretion and the second for enhancing translocation (Casper-Lindley //et al//., 2002).+AvrBs2 fused to the calmodulin-activated adenylate cyclase domain was shown to translocate into plant cells (cytosol), detected through rise of cAMP levels inside the plant tissue. The //hrpF//<sup>-</sup> mutant was used as a negative control to prove the translocation process. Further it was shown that AvrBs2 contains two N-terminal secretion and translocation signals: first for secretion and the second for enhancing translocation (Casper-Lindley //et al//., 2002).
  
 === Regulation === === Regulation ===
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 === Phenotypes === === Phenotypes ===
  
-  * AvrBs2 has been demonstrated to be required for full virulence of //X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //X. campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//), //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola//, //X. phaseoli //pv. //manihotis// (aka //X. axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//) (Zhao //et al//., 2011; Li //et al//., 2015; Mutka //et al.//, 2016; Medina //et al//., 2018).+  * AvrBs2 has been demonstrated to be required for full virulence of //X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// (aka //X. campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//), //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola//, //X. phaseoli// pv. //manihotis// (aka //X. axonopodis// pv. //manihotis//) (Zhao //et al//., 2011; Li //et al//., 2015; Mutka //et al.//, 2016; Medina //et al//., 2018).
   * Recognition of AvrBs2 by OsHRL makes rice more resistant against //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// (Park //et al//., 2010).   * Recognition of AvrBs2 by OsHRL makes rice more resistant against //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// (Park //et al//., 2010).
-  * It was shown in pepper and tomato lines without //Bs2 //that mutations of catalytic residues in the glycerolphosphodiesterase did not interfere with the ability of the plant to recognize AvrBs2 through the cognate R gene //Bs2// and trigger disease resistance. This finding suggests that recognition of AvrBs2 is independent of its glycerolphosphodiesterase enzyme activity (Zhao //et al//., 2011).+  * It was shown in pepper and tomato lines without //Bs2// that mutations of catalytic residues in the glycerolphosphodiesterase did not interfere with the ability of the plant to recognize AvrBs2 through the cognate R gene //Bs2// and trigger disease resistance. This finding suggests that recognition of AvrBs2 is independent of its glycerolphosphodiesterase enzyme activity (Zhao //et al//., 2011).
   * AvrBs2 contributes to //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// virulence by suppressing PAMP-triggered defense responses in rice (Li //et al//., 2015).   * AvrBs2 contributes to //X. oryzae// pv. //oryzicola// virulence by suppressing PAMP-triggered defense responses in rice (Li //et al//., 2015).
   * AvrBs2 transiently expressed in //Arabidopsis// protoplasts suppressed flg22-induced NHO1 expression (Li //et al//., 2015).   * AvrBs2 transiently expressed in //Arabidopsis// protoplasts suppressed flg22-induced NHO1 expression (Li //et al//., 2015).
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 === In xanthomonads === === In xanthomonads ===
  
-Yes (//e.g.//, //X//. //arboricola//, //X//. //campestris//, //X//. //citri//, //X. euvesicatoria//, //X//. //fuscans//, //X. oryzae//, //X//. //phaseoli//).+Yes (//e.g.//, //X//. //arboricola//, //X//. //campestris//, //X//. //citri//, //X//. //euvesicatoria//, //X//. //fuscans//, //X//. //oryzae//, //X//. //phaseoli//).
  
-Field strains of //X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// and //X//. //campestris// pv. //campestris// were found to accumulate mutations in the //avrBs2/////avrRxc1/3// gene in order to overcome //Bs2/////Rxc1/////Rxc3//-mediated resistance (Swords //et al.//, 1996; Gassmann //et al.//, 2000; Ignatov //et al.//, 2002). Yet, the global //Xcv// population was found to be extremely clonal, with very little genetic variation throughout the chromosome, including //avrBs2// and the plasmid-borne //avrBs1//, a finding that is consistent with recent evolution or population expansion of the species (Wichmann //et al.//, 2005).+Field strains of //X//. //euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// and //X//. //campestris// pv. //campestris// were found to accumulate mutations in the //avrBs2/////avrRxc1/3// gene in order to overcome //Bs2/////Rxc1/////Rxc3//-mediated resistance (Swords //et al.//, 1996; Gassmann //et al.//, 2000; Ignatov //et al.//, 2002). Yet, the global //Xcv// population was found to be extremely clonal, with very little genetic variation throughout the chromosome, including //avrBs2// and the plasmid-borne //avrBs1//, a finding that is consistent with recent evolution or population expansion of the species (Wichmann //et al.//, 2005).
  
 === In other plant pathogens/symbionts === === In other plant pathogens/symbionts ===
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 Coplin DL (1989). Plasmids and their role in the evolution of plant pathogenic bacteria. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 27: 187-212. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001155|10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001155]] Coplin DL (1989). Plasmids and their role in the evolution of plant pathogenic bacteria. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 27: 187-212. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001155|10.1146/annurev.py.27.090189.001155]]
  
-Deb S, Ghosh P, Patel HK, Sonti RV (2020). Interaction of the //Xanthomonas// effectors XopQ and XopX results in induction of rice immune responses. Plant J., in press. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14924|10.1111/tpj.14924]]+Deb S, Ghosh P, Patel HK, Sonti RV (2020). Interaction of the //Xanthomonas// effectors XopQ and XopX results in induction of rice immune responses. Plant J. 104: 332-350. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/tpj.14924|10.1111/tpj.14924]]
  
 Gassmann W, Dahlbeck D, Chesnokova O, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Staskawicz BJ (2000). Molecular evolution of virulence in natural field strains of //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//. J. Bacteriol. 182: 7053-7059. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.24.7053-7059.2000|10.1128/jb.182.24.7053-7059.2000]] Gassmann W, Dahlbeck D, Chesnokova O, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Staskawicz BJ (2000). Molecular evolution of virulence in natural field strains of //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria//. J. Bacteriol. 182: 7053-7059. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/jb.182.24.7053-7059.2000|10.1128/jb.182.24.7053-7059.2000]]
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 Habyarimana F, Ahmer BM (2013). More evidence for secretion signals within the mRNA of type 3 secreted effectors. J. Bacteriol. 195: 2117-2118. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00303-13|10.1128/JB.00303-13]] Habyarimana F, Ahmer BM (2013). More evidence for secretion signals within the mRNA of type 3 secreted effectors. J. Bacteriol. 195: 2117-2118. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1128/JB.00303-13|10.1128/JB.00303-13]]
  
-Ignatov AN, Monakhos GF, Dzhalilov FS, Pozmogova GV (2002). Avirulence gene from //Xanthomonas campestris //pv. //campestris// homologous to the //avrBs2// locus is recognized in race-specific reaction by two different resistance genes in Brassicas. Genetika 38: 1656-1662 [Article in Russian] / Russian J. Genet. 38: 1404-1410. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021643907032|10.1023/A:1021643907032]]+Ignatov AN, Monakhos GF, Dzhalilov FS, Pozmogova GV (2002). Avirulence gene from //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //campestris// homologous to the //avrBs2// locus is recognized in race-specific reaction by two different resistance genes in Brassicas. Genetika 38: 1656-1662 [Article in Russian] / Russian J. Genet. 38: 1404-1410. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1023/A:1021643907032|10.1023/A:1021643907032]]
  
 Kearney B, Staskawicz BJ (1990). Widespread distribution and fitness contribution of //Xanthomonas campestris// avirulence gene //avrBs2//. Nature 346: 385-386. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1038/346385a0|10.1038/346385a0]] Kearney B, Staskawicz BJ (1990). Widespread distribution and fitness contribution of //Xanthomonas campestris// avirulence gene //avrBs2//. Nature 346: 385-386. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1038/346385a0|10.1038/346385a0]]
bacteria/t3e/avrbs2.1739401139.txt.gz · Last modified: 2025/02/12 22:58 by jfpothier

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