This data is based on the review by Catara et al. (2021), focused on the molecular methods for diagnosis, detection, and studies on the diversity of plant pathogenic Xanthomonas, concentrating especially on regulated pathogens in the European Union published as a collective effort of the Working Group 1 'Diagnostics & Diversity–Population Structure' from the EuroXanth COST Action CA16107.
Diseases, their regulation and recommendations for management.
| Disease | Pathogen | EPPO List | EPPO Diagnostic Protocol | Commission Implementing Regulation (EU) 2019/2072 | EFSA Documents |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Citrus bacterial canker | X. citri pv. aurantifolii; X. citri pv. citri | A1 | EPPO (2015), EPPO (2023a) | A1 Quarantine pest (Annex II A) | EFSA PLH Panel (2014a), EFSA PLH Panel (2019c) |
| Onion bacterial blight | X. euvesicatoria pv. alli | A1 | EPPO (2016) | ||
| Bacterial leaf blight of rice | X. oryzae pv. oryzae | A1 | EPPO (1980), EPPO (2007), EPPO (2018) | A1 Quarantine pest (Annex II A) | EFSA PLH Panel (2018a) |
| Bacterial leaf streak of rice | X. oryzae pv. oryzicola | A1 | EPPO (1979), EPPO (2007), EPPO (2018) | A1 Quarantine pest (Annex II A) | EFSA PLH Panel (2018a) |
| Bacterial blight of hazelnut | X. arboricola pv. corylina | A2 | EPPO (2004) | RNQP (Annex IV) | |
| Bacterial spot of stone fruits | X. arboricola pv. pruni | A2 | EPPO (2021) | RNQP (Annex IV) | EFSA PLH Panel (2014b) |
| Bacterial blight of walnut | X. arboricola pv. juglandis | NA | NA | RNQP (Annex IV) | |
| Bacterial leaf spot of poinsettia | X. axonopodis pv. poinsettiicola | A2 | NA | ||
| Bacterial spot of tomato and sweet pepper | X. euvesicatoria pv. euvesicatoria | A2 | EPPO (2013)* | RNQP (Annex IV) | EFSA PLH Panel (2014c) |
| X. euvesicatoria pv. perforans | A2 | EPPO (2013)* | RNQP (Annex IV) | ||
| X. hortorum pv. gardneri | A2 | EPPO (2013)* | RNQP (Annex IV) | ||
| X. vesicatoria | A2 | EPPO (2013)* | RNQP (Annex IV) | ||
| Bacterial angular leaf spot of strawberry | X. fragariae | A2 | EPPO (2023b) | RNQP (Annex IV) | |
| Bacterial blight of anthurium and other aroids | X. phaseoli pv. dieffenbachiae | A2 | EPPO (2009)* | ||
| Common bacterial blight of bean | X. phaseoli pv. phaseoli | A2 | NA | RNQP (Annex IV) | EFSA PLH Panel (2014d) |
| Bacterial leaf streak and black chaff of small-grain cereals | X. translucens pv. translucens | A2 | EPPO (1994)* | ||
| Leafspot and dieback of ornamental fig | X. campestris pv. fici | NA | RNQP (Annex IV) | ||
| Alfalfa dwarf, Citrus variegated chlorosis, coffee leaf scorch, oleander leaf scorch, olive quick decline syndrome, phony peach disease, Pierce's disease of grapes | Xylella fastidiosa | A2 | EPPO (2019), EPPO (2023c), EPPO (2024) | A2 Quarantine pest (Annex II B) | EFSA (2013), EFSA (2015), EFSA PLH Panel (2015), EFSA PLH Panel (2016a), EFSA PLH Panel (2016b), EFSA PLH Panel (2018b), EFSA (2019), EFSA PLH Panel (2019a), EFSA PLH Panel (2019b), EFSA (2020), EFSA (2024), EFSA (2025) |
NA: not applicable; * protocol under revision or revision planned. International Seed Testing Association (ISTA), International Seed Federation (ISF), United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), and National Seed Health System (NSHS). Other sources of reviewed detection methods include scientific publications of EFSA (‘Scientific Opinions’, ‘Pest Survey Cards’, etc) and other peer-reviewed scientific journals.
Catara V, Cubero J, Pothier JF, Bosis E, Bragard C, Đermić E, Holeva MC, Jacques MA, Petter F, Pruvost O, Robène I, Studholme DJ, Tavares F, Vicente JG, Koebnik R, Costa J (2021). Trends in molecular diagnosis and diversity studies for phytosanitary regulated Xanthomonas. Microorganisms 9: 862. DOI: 10.3390/microorganisms9040862
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2013). Statement of EFSA on host plants, entry and spread pathways and risk reduction options for Xylella fastidiosa Wells et al. EFSA J. 11: 3468. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2013.3468
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2015). Categorisation of plants for planting, excluding seeds, according to the risk of introduction of Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA J. 13: 4061. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.4061
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2019). Pest survey card on Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA Support. Publ. 16: 1667E. DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1667
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2020). Guidelines for statistically sound and risk-based surveys of Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA Support. Publ. 17: 1873E. DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2020.EN-1873
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2024). Update of the Xylella spp. host plant database – Systematic literature search up to 31 December 2023. EFSA J. 22: e8898. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2024.8898
European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) (2025). Xylella fastidiosa Pest Report to support the ranking of EU candidate priority pests. EFSA Support. Publ. 22: 9244E. DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2025.EN-9244
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2014a). Scientific Opinion on the risk to plant health of Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii for the EU territory. EFSA J. 12: 3556. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3556
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2014b). Scientific Opinion on pest categorisation of Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni (Smith, 1903). EFSA J. 12: 3857. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3857
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2014c). Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Xanthomonas campestris pv. vesicatoria (Doidge) Dye. EFSA J. 12: 3720. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3720
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2014d). Scientific Opinion on the pest categorisation of Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas fuscans subsp. fuscans. EFSA J. 12: 3856. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2014.3856
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2015). Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Xylella fastidiosa in the EU territory, with the identification and evaluation of risk reduction options. EFSA J. 13: 3989. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2015.3989
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2016a). Four statements questioning the EU control strategy against Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA J. 14: 4450. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4450
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2016b). Treatment solutions to cure Xylella fastidiosa diseased plants. EFSA J. 14: 4456. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2016.4456
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2018a). Pest categorisation of Xanthomonas oryzae pathovars oryzae and oryzicola. EFSA J. 16: 5109. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5109
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2018b). Updated pest categorisation of Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA J. 16: 5357. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2018.5357
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2019a). Update of the Scientific Opinion on the risks to plant health posed by Xylella fastidiosa in the EU territory. EFSA J. 17: 5665. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5665
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2019b). Effectiveness of in planta control measures for Xylella fastidiosa. EFSA J. 17: 5666. DOI: 10.2903/j.efsa.2019.5666
EFSA Panel on Plant Health (2019c). Pest survey card on Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and pv. aurantifolii. EFSA Support. Publ. 16: 1587. DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2019.EN-1587
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (1979). Xanthomonas oryzicola Fang et al. EPPO Bull. 9: 11-13. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.1979.tb02445.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (1980). Xanthomonas oryzae (Uyeda & Ishiyama) Dowson. EPPO Bull. 10: 1-4. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.1980.tb02685.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (1994). Bacterial leaf streak or black chaff of cereals. EPPO Bull. 24: 135-157. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.1994.tb01057.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2004). Xanthomonas arboricola pv. corylina. EPPO Bull. 34: 179-181. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2004.00716.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2005). Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. citri. EPPO Bull. 35: 289-294. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2005.00835.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2006a). Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. EPPO Bull. 36: 129-133. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.00925.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2006b). Xanthomonas fragariae. EPPO Bull. 36: 135-144. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2006.00926.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2007). Xanthomonas oryzae. EPPO Bull. 37: 543-553. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2007.01162.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2009). PM 7/23 (2): Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. dieffenbachiae. EPPO Bull. 39: 393-402. DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2338.2009.02327.x
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2013). PM 7/110 (1) Xanthomonas spp. (Xanthomonas euvesicatoria, Xanthomonas gardneri, Xanthomonas perforans, Xanthomonas vesicatoria) causing bacterial spot of tomato and sweet pepper. EPPO Bull. 43: 7-20. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12018
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2016). PM 7/128 (1) Xanthomonas axonopodis pv. allii. EPPO Bull. 46: 429-443. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12329
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2018). Corrigendum. EPPO Bull. 48: 318. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12474
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2019). PM 7/24 (4) Xylella fastidiosa. EPPO Bull. 49: 175-227. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12575
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2021). PM 7/064 (2) Xanthomonas arboricola pv. pruni. EPPO Bull. 51: 240-266. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12756
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2023a). PM 7/44 (2) Xanthomonas citri pv. citri and Xanthomonas citri pv. aurantifolii. EPPO Bull. 53: 62-96. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12913
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2023b). PM 7/65 (2) Xanthomonas fragariae. EPPO Bull. 53: 184-204. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12916
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2023c). PM 7/24 (5) Xylella fastidiosa. EPPO Bull. 53: 205-276. DOI: 10.1111/epp.12923
European and Mediterranean Plant Protection Organization (EPPO) (2024). Corrigendum PM 7/024 (5) Xylella fastidiosa. EPPO Bull. 54: 391-392. DOI: 10.1111/epp.13060