====== Plant Resistance Genes in Tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum// L.) against //Xanthomonas// Infection ======
Author: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Pavel_Beran2|Pavel Beran]]\\
Internal reviewer: [[https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Inga_Morocko-Bicevska2|Inga Moročko-Bičevska]]
===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria// =====
==== Resistance gene: //Bs2// (transgene) ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
//Capsicum chacoense// (Cook & Stall, 1963).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Sequenced.
=== Molecular markers ===
Transgene.
=== Brief description ===
Expression of the //Bs2// pepper gene confers resistance to bacterial spot disease in tomato (Tai //et al//., 1999). Transgenic //Bs2// resistance confers effective field level control of bacterial spot disease in tomato (Horvath //et al.//, 2012).
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==== Resistance gene: //bs5// (CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout) ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
Tomato variety Fla. 8000 (Ortega //et al.//, 2024).
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Located on chromosome 9 (Ortega //et al.//, 2024). Sequenced (Ortega //et al.//, 2024).
=== Molecular markers ===
CRISPR/Cas9-mediated frameshift mutations (Ortega //et al.//, 2024).
=== Brief description ===
The two paralogs in tomato, //SlBs5// and //SlBs5L//, are homologs of the pepper //Cabs5// resistance gene (Ortega //et al.//, 2024). The double gene knockouts provided some resistance (fewer / milder symptoms, reduced bacterial growth) against **//X. euvesicatoria// pv. //euvesicatoria//**, **//X. euvesicatoria// pv. //perforans//**, and **//X. hortorum// pv. //gardneri//** (Ortega //et al.//, 2024).
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==== Resistance gene: //rx1// ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
Tomato Hawaii 7998.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 1 (Yu //et al.//, 1995).
=== Molecular markers ===
Southern blot, RFLP.
=== Brief description ===
HR-inducing resistance to T1 race (Yu //et al//., 1995).
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==== Resistance gene: //rx2// ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
Tomato Hawaii 7998.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 1 (Yu //et al.//, 1995).
=== Molecular markers ===
Southern blot, RFLP.
=== Brief description ===
HR-inducing resistance to T1 race (Yu //et al//., 1995).
----
==== Resistance gene: //rx3// ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
Tomato Hawaii 7998.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 5 (Yu //et al.//, 1995).
=== Molecular markers ===
Southern blot, RFLP, SNP (Yang //et al//., 2005).
=== Brief description ===
HR-inducing resistance to T1 race (Yu //et al//., 1995).
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===== Pathogen: //Xanthomonas euvesicatoria// pv. //perforans// =====
==== Resistance gene: //Rx4// ====
=== Synonyms ===
(possibly allelic to //RxLA1589// and //Xv3//) (Zhao //et al//., 2015).
=== Source ===
//Solanum pimpinellifolium//PI128216.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 11, sequenced (Pei //et al//., 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===
SNP, InDel, SSR (Pei //et al//., 2012).
=== Brief description ===
NBS-LRR class of resistance (Robbins //et al//., 2009).
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==== Resistance gene: //Rx LA1589// ====
=== Synonyms ===
(possibly allelic to //Rx4// and //Xv3//) (Zhao //et al//., 2015).
=== Source ===
//Solanum pimpinellifolium//LA1589.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 11, sequenced (Pei //et al//., 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===
SNP, InDel, SSR (Pei //et al//., 2012).
=== Brief description ===
NBS-LRR class of resistance (Sun //et al//., 2011).
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==== Resistance gene: //RXopJ// ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
//Solanum pennellii// LA716.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on long arm of chromosome 6 (Sharlach //et al//., 2013).
=== Molecular markers ===
Available (Sharlach //et al//., 2013).
=== Brief description ===
//RXopJ4// resistance depends on recognition of the pathogen type III effector protein XopJ4 (Sharlach //et al//., 2013).
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==== Resistance gene: //Xv3// ====
=== Synonyms ===
(possibly allelic to //Rx4// and //RxLA1589//) (Zhao //et al//., 2015).
=== Source ===
//Solanum pimpinellifolium //PI126932.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 11, sequenced (Pei //et al//., 2012).
=== Molecular markers ===
SNP, InDel, SSR (Pei //et al//., 2012).
=== Brief description ===
NBS-LRR class of resistance (Scott //et al//., 1996).
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==== Resistance gene: //Xv4// ====
=== Synonyms ===
//NA//
=== Source ===
//Solanum pennellii// LA716.
=== Status (identified, mapped, cloned, sequenced) ===
Mapped on chromosome 3, sequenced.
=== Molecular markers ===
RFLP, PCR-based.
=== Brief description ===
HR-inducing resistance to T3 race (Astua-Monge //et al//., 2000).
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===== References =====
Astua-Monge G, Minsavage GV, Stall RE, Vallejos CE, Davis MJ, Jones JB (2000). //Xv4//-//avrxv4//: a new gene-for-gene interaction identified between //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// race T3 and the wild tomato relative //Lycopersicon pennellii//. Mol. Plant Microbe Interact. 13: 1346-1355. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.12.1346|10.1094/MPMI.2000.13.12.1346]]
Cook AA, Stall RE (1963). Inheritance of resistance in pepper to bacterial spot. Phytopathology 53: 1060-1062.
Horvath DM, Stall RE, Jones JB, Pauly MH, Vallad GE, Dahlbeck D, Staskawicz BJ, Scott JW (2012). Transgenic resistance confers effective field level control of bacterial spot disease in tomato. PLoS One 7: e42036. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0042036|10.1371/journal.pone.0042036]]
Ortega A, Seong K, Schultink A, de Toledo Thomazella DP, Seo E, Zhang E, Pham J, Cho MJ, Dahlbeck D, Warren J, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Sierra-Orozco E, Hutton SF, Staskawicz B (2024). CRISPR/Cas9-mediated editing of //Bs5// and //Bs5L// in tomato leads to resistance against //Xanthomonas//. Plant Biotechnol. J., in press. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/pbi.14404|10.1111/pbi.14404]]
Pei C, Wang H, Zhang J, Wang Y, Francis DM, Yang W (2012). Fine mapping and analysis of a candidate gene in tomato accession PI128216 conferring hypersensitive resistance to bacterial spot race T3. Theor. Appl. Genet. 124: 533-542. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-011-1726-1|10.1007/s00122-011-1726-1]]
Robbins MD, Darrigues A, Sim SC, Masud MA, Francis DM (2009). Characterization of hypersensitive resistance to bacterial spot race T3 (//Xanthomonas perforans//) from tomato accession PI 128216. Phytopathology 99: 1037-1044. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-99-9-1037|10.1094/PHYTO-99-9-1037]]
Scott JW, Stall RE, Jones JB, Somodi GC (1996). A single gene controls the hypersensitive response of Hawaii 7981 to race 3 (T3) of the bacterial spot pathogen. Rpt. Tomato Genet. Coop. 46: 23.
Sharlach M, Dahlbeck D, Liu L, Chiu J, Jiménez-Gómez JM, Kimura S, Koenig D, Maloof JN, Sinha N, Minsavage GV, Jones JB, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (2013). Fine genetic mapping of //RXopJ4//, a bacterial spot disease resistance locus from //Solanum pennellii// LA716. Theor. Appl. Genet. 126: 601-609. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-012-2004-6|10.1007/s00122-012-2004-6]]
Sun HJ, Liu XX, Li WH, Yang WC (2011). Preliminary mapping of a gene in tomato accession LA1589 conferring resistance to race T3 of bacterial spot. J. Agric. Univ. Hebei. 34: 65-69.
Tai TH, Dahlbeck D, Clark ET, Gajiwala P, Pasion R, Whalen MC, Stall RE, Staskawicz BJ (1999). Expression of the //Bs2// pepper gene confers resistance to bacterial spot disease in tomato. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 96: 14153-14158. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153|10.1073/pnas.96.24.14153]]
Yang W, Sacks EJ, Lewis Ivey ML, Miller SA, Francis DM (2005). Resistance in //Lycopersicon esculentum// intraspecific crosses to race T1 strains of //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// causing bacterial spot of tomato. Phytopathology. 95: 519-527. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-95-0519|10.1094/PHYTO-95-0519]]
Yu ZH, Wang JF, Stall RE, Vallejos CE (1995). Genomic localization of tomato genes that control a hypersensitive reaction to //Xanthomonas campestris// pv. //vesicatoria// (Doidge) Dye. Genetics 141: 675-682. PDF: [[https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206765/pdf/ge1412675.pdf|www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1206765/pdf/ge1412675.pdf]]
Zhao B, Cao H, Duan J, Yang W (2015). Allelic tests and sequence analysis of three genes for resistance to //Xanthomonas perforans// race T3 in tomato. Hort. Plant J. 1: 41-47. DOI: [[https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2468014115010079|10.16420/j.issn.2095-9885.2015-0001]]
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===== Further reading =====
Adhikari P, Adhikari TB, Louws FJ, Panthee DR (2020). Advances and challenges in bacterial spot resistance breeding in tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum// L.). Int. J. Mol. Sci. 21: 1734. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.3390/ijms21051734|10.3390/ijms21051734]]
Adhikari P, Siddique MI, Louws FJ, Panthee DR (2023). Identification of quantitative trait loci associated with bacterial spot race T4 resistance in intra-specific populations of tomato (//Solanum lycopersicum// L.). PLoS One 18: e0295551. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0295551|10.1371/journal.pone.0295551]]
Bernal E, Liabeuf D, Francis DM (2020). Evaluating quantitative trait locus resistance in tomato to multiple //Xanthomonas// spp. Plant Dis. 104: 423-429. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0669-RE|10.1094/PDIS-03-19-0669-RE]]
Buziashvili A, Kolomiiets Y, Butsenko L, Yemets A (2023). Biotechnological approaches for enhancing the resistance of tomato plants to phytopathogenic bacteria. Biologia plantarum 67: 305-321. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.32615/bp.2023.034|10.32615/bp.2023.034]]
de Souza MFM, Rodrigues R, do Amaral jr. AT, Sudré CP (2008). Resistance to //Xanthomonas// spp. in tomato: diallel analysis and gene effects estimative in a breeding programme carried out in Brazil. J. Phytopathol. 156: 660-667. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01474.x|10.1111/j.1439-0434.2008.01474.x]]
Hutton SF, Scott JW, Jones JB (2010). Inheritance of resistance to bacterial spot race T4 from three tomato breeding lines with differing resistance backgrounds. J. Amer. Soc. Hort. Sci. 135: 150-158. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.21273/JASHS.135.2.150|10.21273/JASHS.135.2.150]]
Hutton SF, Scott JW, Yang W, Sim SC, Francis DM, Jones JB (2010). Identification of QTL associated with resistance to bacterial spot race T4 in tomato. Theor. Appl. Genet. 121: 1275-1287. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1007/s00122-010-1387-5|10.1007/s00122-010-1387-5]]
Sim SC, Robbins MD, Wijeratne S, Wang H, Yang W, Francis DM (2015). Association analysis for bacterial spot resistance in a directionally selected complex breeding population of tomato. Phytopathology 105: 1437-1445. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1094/PHYTO-02-15-0051-R|10.1094/PHYTO-02-15-0051-R]]
Stall RE, Jones JB, Minsavage GV (2009). Durability of resistance in tomato and pepper to xanthomonads causing bacterial spot. Ann. Rev. Phytopathol. 47: 265-284. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752|10.1146/annurev-phyto-080508-081752]]
Wang Y, Zhang Y, Gao Z, Yang W (2018). Breeding for resistance to tomato bacterial diseases in China: challenges and prospects. Horticultural Plant J. 4: 193–207. DOI: [[https://doi.org/10.1016/j.hpj.2018.08.004|10.1016/j.hpj.2018.08.004]]
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===== Acknowledgements =====
This fact sheet is based upon work from COST Action CA16107 EuroXanth, supported by COST (European Cooperation in Science and Technology).